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THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The female reproductive organ is divided into:

External genitalia & Internal Organs

EXTERNAL GENETALIA
The external genetalia are collectively known as the V***a

The External genitalia includes:

L***A MAJORA
L***A MINORA
CL****IS
H***N
VESTIBULAR GLANDS

THE L***A MAJORA
These are two large folds forming the boundary of the v***a.
They are composed of skin, fibrous tissue and fat and contain large numbers of sebaceous glands.

CL****IS
The cl****is correspond to the p***s in the male and contain sensory nerve endings and erectile tissue.

It has no reproductive significance

THE VESTIBULE
This is the cleft between the l***a minora.

VESTIBULAR GLANDS
The vestibular glands are also referred to as BARTHOLIN GLANDS.

They are situated on either side near the va**na opening.

They are about the size of a small pea.

They secrete mucus that keep the v***a moist.

H***N
Thanks h***n is a thin layer of mucous membrane that partially occludes the opening of the va**na

BLOOD SUPPLY
ARTERIAL SUPPLY.
Internal pudenal branching from internal iliac arteries and external pudenal arteries branching from femoral arteries
VENOUS DRAINAGE
internal iliac veins

NERVE SUPPLY
This is by branches from pudenal nerves

PERINEUM
The perineum is the area extending from the based off the l***a MINORA to the a**l ca**l.

It is roughly triangular.

It consists of connective tissue, muscle and fat.

Composition of Blood
There Are two major components of blood, they are;

Plasma component

Cellular components

BLOOD
Introduction.
Blood is a fluid connective tissue that provides means of communication between cells of different parts of the body band the eternal environment

Plasma Component
This constitutes about 55% of blood.
The constituents of plasma are 90 - 92% of water and dissolved substances including:

Plasma proteins
Inorganic salts
Nutrients
Waste material
Hormones
Gases.

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Plasma protein
The plasma proteins make up about 7% of plasma.

Plasma viscosity is due to plasma proteins mainly albumin and fibrinogen.

Types of plasma proteins

Albumin: These are formed in the liver.
Their main function is maintenance of normal plasma osmotic pressure.
They are the most abundant plasma protein.

Globulins:
Most are formed in the liver and the remaining in lymphoid tissue.
They main functions are:
As antibodies, transportation of hormones and inhibition of proteolytic enzymes.

Fibrinogen: This is synthesized in the liver and is essential for blood clotting.

RED BLOOD CELLS
They are biconcave dics.
They have no nucleus.
They are about 7 micrometer.
They are life span is about 120.
They are manufactured and developed through the process called Erythropoiesis.

Function
They main function is in gas transport, mainly of oxygen, but they also carry carbon dioxide.

CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

Red blood cells. ( Erythrocytes)
White blood cells ( Leukocytes)
Platelets. ( Thrombocytes)

ERYTHROPOIESIS
This is the production and development of red blood cells.
The red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
The hormone responsible is

ERYTHROPOIETIN.
This process last for about 7 days.
This begins with the pluripotent stem cell.
The pluripotent stem cell develops into the proerythroblast.
The proerythroblast develops into Erythroblast.

The Erythroblast (having a large nucleus and Internal Organs hemoglobin) develops into Nomoblast

The Nomoblast has three stages: early, intermediate and late Nomoblast.

As the stage progresses the nuclei get smaller with larger amount of hemoglobin.
Nomoblasts develop into Reticulocytes.
Reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) are released into circulation.

After which they develop into matured red blood cells ( Erythrocytes).

WHITE BLOOD CELLS
They are also called Leukocytes.
They are the largest blood cells.
They account for 1% of blood volume.

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They contain nuclei and some have granules in their cytoplasm.

TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Granulocyte
Agranulocytes.

GRANULOCYTES
They are also called polymorphonuclear Leukocytes.

They have granules in their cytoplasm.

They include:

Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils

HEMOLYSIS
This is the destruction of red blood cells by the phagocytic reticulo endothelial cells after their lifespan of 120 days.
This occurs in the spleen, liver and bone marrow.
The hemoglobin component of blood is broken into heme and globin.
The heme component is broken into iron and porphyrin.
The Iron part of blood is stored as ferritin for the resynthesis of red blood cells.
Porphyrin is converted to a green pigment called Biliverdin.
Biliverdin is almost reduced to the yellow pigment called bilirubin.
Bilirubin is transported to the liver.

In the liver it is changed from fat soluble to water soluble form to be excreted as a constituent of bile

NEUTROPHILS
Their main function is to protect against any foreign material entering the body.

BASOPHILS
They are closely associated with allergic reactions.

EOSINOPHILS
They are capable of phagocytosis.

AGRANULOCYTES
They have no granules in their cytoplasm.

They make up 25 to 50% of all Leukocytes.

They include:
Monocytes

Lymphocytes

MONOCYTES
They are the largest Leukocytes.

They play an important role in immunity and inflammation.

LYMPHOCYTES
They are smaller than monocytes.

They involved in immunity.

PLATELETS
They are also called Thrombocytes.

They are small non nucleated discs.

They are produced in the bone marrow.

They contain variety of substances which promote blood clotting, which causes hemostasis.

LEUKOPOIESIS
This is the development and maturation of white blood cells.

HEMOSTASIS
This hemostasis is ceasation or arrest of bleeding.

Stages of HEMOSTASIS
Vasoconstriction
Platelets plug formation
Coagulation
Fibrinolysis

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VASOCONSTRICTION
when there is damage to the blood vessel, platelets migrate to the affected part.
They stick and adhere to the damaged wall.
The platelets release serotonin, which causes constriction of the blood vessel

PLATELET PLUG FORMATION
The adherent platelets clump to each other and release ADP (adenosine diphosphate), which attract more platelets to the site.

All this together form a temporary seal (the platelet plug).

COAGULATION
During this phase prothrombin is converted to thrombi.
Thrombin acts on fibrinogen, converting it to fibrin.
Fibrin forms a mesh work sealing up the damaged blood vessel.

FIBRINOLYSIS
After the cloth is formed the process of removing it and healing the damaged blood vessel begins.
Plasminogen is converted to it's active form plasmin.
Plasmin breakdown the FIBRINOLYSIS clot through the process called phagocytosis.
After the cloth is removed, the healing restores the integrity of the blood vessel wall.

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90 QUESTION AND ANSWERS FROM 2021 JAMB NOVEL ```(THE LIFE CHANGER)```

1. Who published the book “THE LIFE CHANGER”
a. Bolaji Abdullahi
b. A.H Mohamed
c. Khadijat Abubakar Jalli ✅
d. Hammed Jalli�

2. The novel is divided into how many chapters�
A.7
b. 8
c. 9 ✅
d. 10

3. In the novel it was stated that ______ is the second to English in the ranking of
international languages

A. Mathematics
B. French ✅
C. Social Studies
D. None of the above

4. first question the teacher asked was “who can tell me how to say______ in
french.

A. I love you
B. Good morning ✅
C. Stand up
D. Go out

5. Who was Bint telling the story of her classroom encounter with their
meddlesome social studies teacher the previous week

A. Ummi
B. Omar
C. Her two sisters ✅
D. Her sister

6. In the novel, “good morning” in french means�

A. Banjour
B. Bonjur
C. Bonjoo
D. Bonjour ✅

7. “And how do you say that’s very good in french, who asked this question.

A. The teacher
B. The French Mistress
C. Bint ✅
D. None of the above

8. “Cest tres being” in English means

A. Good
B. That’s very good ✅
C. That’s very bad
D. Good morning
9. Bint immediate elder sister is _______

A. Jamila ✅
B. Omar
C. Ummi
D. Teemah

10. Between Omar and Bint there is such great affinity that no one dare ______ at
her intransigence�

A. Frown ✅
B. Hissed
C. Look
D. None of the above

11. Who was the first child in Bint family.

A Jamila
B. Omar ✅
C. Ummi
D. Salihu

12. Ummi means _____ in the novel

A. Dad
B. Sister
C. Mummy ✅
D. Uncle..
13. Who insisted on calling Ummi mum

A.Bint
B. Jamila
C. Mallam Salihu
D. Omar ✅�

14. “au revoir” means _______ in the novel

A. Welcome
B. Goodbye ✅
C. Good morning
D. Good

15. Who is the second child of the family.

A. Bint
B. Jamila
C. Teemah ✅
D. Omar

16. Omar was dressed in ____ jean and ____ shirts when he went to greet his mom
in the morning

A. White and blue
B. Blue and white ✅
C. White and black
D. Blue and black

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A. Because the poster wasn’t beautiful
B. It was the famous Queen Amina hall
C. It was every female students dream
D. The composition of a roommates ✅

84. Who was the brightest in Salma room and perhaps in her class

A. Ada
B. Tomiwa ✅
C. Ngozi
D. Salma

85. What was tomiwa’s ambition

A. To become a dancer
B. To become a cleaner
C. To become a singer✅�
D. None of the above

86. Who did Salma became close to in the room all because she was in the know of
the latest and craziest fashion outfits.

A. Ada
B. Ngozi
C. Tomiwa ✅
D. None

87. Who would never cook for just herself alone whether her roommates ate or not.

A. Ngozi ✅
B. Ada
C. Salma
D. Tomiwa

88. What was Tomiwa’s was village food for the Kings

A. Rice
B. Infinite jollof
C. Snail ✅
D. Pounded yam

89. ____ on her own only introduced her roommates to the danwake delicacy

A. Salma ✅
B. Ada
C. Ngozi�
D. Tomiwa
90. ______ and _______ were muslims
A. Salma and Ada
B. Salma and Tomiwa ✅
C. Ada and Ngozi
D. None of the above.

91. Who was behind the wheel as he changed to drive from kwangila to Ahmad
Bello University.

A. Habib
B. Labaran ✅
C. Salihu
D. None

*FACILITATOR 08144331328*✍️✍️✍️✍️

19/06/2021

*JAMB CHEMISTRY 2021 LIKELY QUESTION BY WWW.EXAMAFRICA. COM*

1. The I.U.P.A.C name for the compoud
Cl
|
CH3 ------C -------CH2 -----CH3
|
C
a. 2- chloro - FCCisotopentane
b. 3 - chloro - isopentane
c. 1 - chloro -2,2 -di methyl propane
d. 2 - chloro - 2 - ethylpropane

Answer: C

2. At S.T.P how many litres of hydrogen would be obtained from the reaction of 500cm³ of 0.5M H²SO4 with excess zinc metal ?
a. 22.4dm³ b. 11.2dm³ c.6.5dm³ d.0.025dm³

Answer: Zn + H²SO4 ------------> ZnSO4 + H2
No. Of moles in 500cm³ = 0.5 × 500 / 1000 = 0.025 moles (d)

3. What reaction takes place when palm oil is added to potash and foams are observed ?
a. Neutralization b. Saponification
c. Esterification d. Salting out

Answers : Saponification (B)

4.Starch can be converted to ethyl alcohol by
A. distillation
B. fermentation ✔️
C. isomerization
D. cracking
E. cooking

5.When excess ethanol is heated to 145°c in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid , the product is
A. diethyl ether ✔️
B. ethyne
C. diethyl sulphate
D. acetone
E. ethanoic acid

6.0.1 Faraday of electricity was passed through a solution of copper (II) sulphate. The maximum weight of copper deposited on the cathode would be ? ( Cu = 64)
A. 64.0g
B. 32.0g
C. 16.0g
D. 6.4g
E. 3.2g ✔️
SOLUTION : CUSO4 --------> CU²+ SO²-4
CU²+ + 2e -------> CU
1 Faraday will deposit 64/2 grams of copper
0.1 Faraday will deposit = 64/2 × 1/10 = 3.2grams

7.When heat is absorbed during a chemical reaction, the reaction is said to be
A. thermodynamic
B. exothermic
C. isothermal
D. endothermic ✔️
E. thermostatic

8.Two metallic ions associated with hard water are
A. Copper and Zinc
B. Magnesium and Silver
C. Calcium and Magnesium ✔️
D. Potassium and tin
E. Sodium and Lead

9.Which of the following raw materials would be required for the smelting of iron ore in a blast furnace ?
A. CaCO3 ✔️
B. Zn(NO³)²

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C. CuSO4
D. AlCl3
E. CaSO4

10.Which of the following does not contain aluminum as a compound ?
A. Over head cables
B. Duralumin
C. Container for caustic soda
D. Container for nitric soda ✔️

11.The approximate volume of air containing 10cm³ of oxygen is ?
A. 20cm³
B. 25cm³
C. 50cm³ ✔️
D. 100cm³
E. 10cm³
SOLUTION : 1 volume of oxygen = 2 × 10
Volume of air = 100 × 10
100 × 10 / 20 = 50 cm³

12.Which of the following sulphides is insoluble In dilute Hcl?
A. Na²S
B. ZnS
C. CuS. ✔️
D. FeS
E. PbS

13.The characteristic reaction of carbonyl compounds is
A. Substitution
B. Elimination
C. Addition ✔️
D. Saponification
E. Fermentation

14.An example of polysaccharide is
A. -dextrose
B. Maltose
C. Glucose
D. Starch ✔️
E. Fructose

15.The shape of ammonia molecule is
A. Trigonal planar ✔️
B. Octahedral
C. Square planar
D. Tetrahedral

16.What mass of water is produced when 8.0g of hydrogen reacts with excess oxygen ? [H=1 , O = 16 ]
A. 36.0g
B. 8.0g
C. 72.0g ✔️
D. 16.0g
E. 18.0g
SOLUTION : 2H² + O² ----------> 2H²O
From the equation
4g of Hydrogen produces 36g of water
8g of Hydrogen will produce Xg of water ( H20 )
>> 4g = 36g
8g = Xg. ( Cross multiply )
36 × 8 / 4. = 72g of H²O

17.What volume of oxygen is produced from the decomposition of 2moles of KClO3 at S.T.P ?
A. 22.4dm³
B. 33.6dm³
C. 44.8dm³
D. 67.2dm³ ✔️
E. 77.8dm³
SOLUTION : 1 MOLES OF OXYGEN OCCUPIED 22.4dm³
3MOLES OF OXYGEN OCCUPIED ( 3 × 22.4 )
= 67.2 DM

18.A carcinogenic substance is
A. Asbestos dust ✔️
B. Saw dust
C. Nitrogen (II) oxide
D. Carbon (II) oxide
E. Colloid

19. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s²2s²2p63p²3p³ . How many unpaired electrons are there in the element ?
A. 5
B. 4
C. 3 ✔️
D. 2

20. Which of the following is arranged in order of increasing electronegativity ?
A. Chlorine , aluminum , magnesium , phosphorus , sodium
B. Sodium , magnesium, aluminum, phosphorus , chlorine ✔️