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A creepy fish with fingers on the end of its fins terrorized the oceans 380 million years ago.

The 5ft-long, shark-like Elpistostege watsoni lurked in tropical lagoons and could be a missing link in human evolution.

Scientists studying a fossil of the slippery predator found in Canada say it may hold clues to how hands evolved in people.

Scans of the fossil showed the structure of its fin to have similarities with the human hand, with the skeleton featuring an arm, a forearm and finger-like appendages.

Researchers say their findings reveal “extraordinary new information” about how the human hand evolved.

Professor John Long, of Flinders University in Australia, said: “This is the first time that we have unequivocally discovered fingers locked in a fin with fin-rays in any known fish.”

“The articulating digits in the fin are like the finger bones found in the hands of most animals.

The fossil of the elpistostege fish was found in Quebec, Canada and has provided new insights into how the human hand evolved from fish fins.
John Long
“This finding pushes back the origin of digits invertebrates to the fish level and tells us that the patterning for the vertebrate hand was first developed deep in evolution, just before fishes left the water.”

Evidence of Elpistostege was first found in 1938 in the cliffs of Miguasha National Park in Quebec, Canada.

However, it was only in 2010 a complete specimen was discovered.

The unique predator is believed to have lived in a shallow marine habitat in the Quebec region during the Middle and Upper Devonian period, about 393-359 million years ago.

Researchers believe fish such as Elpistostege are “transitional fossils” which could help understand how vertebrates, or back-boned animals, were able to transition from water to land.

The process would have involved significant changes such as the evolution of hands and feet.

Comparison of the anatomy of the pectoral limb endoskeleton (a) and humerus (b) of stem-tetrapod fish.

The researchers determined that animals adapted to land are able to see more colors than animals adapted to water. Animals adapted to open terrestrial habitats see a wider range of colors than animals adapted to forests.

However, evolutionary history -- primarily the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates -- significantly influences which colors a species sees. Invertebrates see more short wavelengths of light, compared to vertebrates.

Biological sciences doctoral student Matt Murphy and assistant professor Erica Westerman recently published these findings in Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Their article, "Evolutionary history limits species' ability to match colour sensitivity to available habitat light," explains how environment, evolution and, to some extent, genetic composition influence how and what colors animals see.

"Scientists have long hypothesized that animal vision has evolved to match the colors of light present in their environments," Westerman said. "But this hypothesis is difficult to prove, and there is still so much we don't know about animal vision. Gathering data for hundreds of species of animals living in a wide range of habitats is a monumental task, especially when considering that invertebrates and vertebrates use different kinds of cells in their eyes to turn light energy into neuronal responses."

An animal's ability to detect visual information depends on the wavelengths and intensity of light in a given environment. Quantity and wavelength sensitivity of a family of retinal proteins, called opsins, govern the spectrum of light an animal sees -- from ultraviolet to far red light.

However, invertebrates and vertebrates use phylogenetically distinct opsins in their retinae, and researchers have not determined whether these distinct opsins influence what animals see, or how they adapt to their light environments.

Murphy and Westerman collated vision data for 446 species of animals spanning four phyla. One of these phyla contained vertebrates -- animals that have backbones, such as fish and humans. The rest of these phyla contained animals that were invertebrates, those that do not have backbones, such as insects, squid and jellyfish.

The researchers' study showed that while animals do adapt to environments, their ability to adapt can be physiologically constrained. While vertebrates and invertebrates broadly use the same cell type, opsins, to see, they build these cells differently. This physiological difference

More than 50 years after it was first collected, a new species of salamander has been identified by researchers using next-generation DNA sequencing technology. The Carolina sandhills salamander (Eurycea arenicola) is found in the springs and small streams in the sandhills region of the U.S. state of North Carolina. The state has 64 named salamanders, more than any other state in the country. The sandhills region holds some of the last remaining 5% of longleaf pine ecosystem in the U.S.

A new, iridescent snake from the Ha Giang province of Vietnam was described by researchers this year. Its oddly patterned scales, iridescence, and lack of bright-light photoreceptors in its eyes are adaptations for its mostly underground, burrowing lifestyle. Researchers believe this species, which they named Achalinus zugorum, evolved earlier than most other snakes, and could help to shine new light on snake evolution. But because they mostly remain underground, they are especially difficult to find.

A new green pit viper species was found in the Himalayas and named Trimeresurus salazar, or the Salazar’s pit viper, after Salazar Slytherin, a character from J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series. The snake, which is nocturnal and has a unique reddish-to-orange stripe on the head and body of males, was discovered during a herpetological expedition in the northeasternmost state of India, Arunachal Pradesh, which has been home to many new discoveries of plants and animals in recent decades.

“Pets are humanizing. They remind us we have an obligation and responsibility to preserve and nurture and care for all life.”