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Paired t-test

A statistical method used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two paired or related groups. It is commonly used in medical research to compare the difference in scores before and after a treatment or intervention.
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When to use repeated measure ANOVA?


It is used when the outcome is measured repeatedly (e.g. Systolic blood pressure is measured in day 0, day 7 and day 14).

Repeated measure ANOVA can be applied for 3 types of research questions:

1. Time effect
2. Interaction effect (Time*Group)
3. Between-group effect

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Standard deviation or standard error?



Standard deviation (SD) describes the spread/ variability of values in a sample.


Standard error of the mean (SE) is the standard deviation of the sample means, that is the deviation of the sample means from the population mean. You can use the standard error if your data is samples from the same population. It provides an estimate of the precision of a parameter (e.g. mean) and used when one wants to make inferences about data from a sample to relevant population.

References:
https://www.bmj.com/content/331/7521/903.full.pdf+html

https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/90/4/514/274340?login=true

Standard deviations and standard errors The terms “standard error” and “standard deviation” are often confused.1 The contrast between these two terms reflects the important distinction between data description and inference, one that all researchers should appreciate. The standard deviation (often SD) is a measure of variability. ...

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Need help with your research?

EFFECT SIZE



In statistics, we often use p value to determine if there is a statistically significant difference/ association between two groups.

An effect size can tell us how large this difference/ association actually is. In practice, effect size is much more useful to quantify the magnitude of difference.


Here are the examples of effect size, as in the diagram below. Others may include relative risk, coefficient of determination, eta-squared, Cohen's q, etc.

How to choose the right statistical test?



Statistical tests are used in hypothesis testing. They can be used to determine whether an independent variable has a statistically significant relationship with an outcome variable or to estimate the difference between two or more groups.

The selection of statistical test depends upon:
▶️ Research questions / objectives
▶️ Types of variables being analyzed for independent and dependent variables (numerical/ categorical)


The following flowchart could help in choosing the right statistical test 😉