Academic Research - علمي څېړنه - تحقیق علمي

Happy New Year 2021!

4 things to do before you start writing an essay

As tempting as it might be to just launch into the process of writing, there are important steps to take before actually setting pen to paper (or fingers to keyboard, as it were). These four steps in essay preparation should give you a solid footing before you start the essay-writing process.

1. Plan out your time

Plotting out a schedule for how you plan to approach writing the essay is a crucial first step. You will want to set aside time for effective brainstorming, as well as time for doing the appropriate research. You should also set aside plenty of time for the actual writing of the essay, making sure to leave a one-day gap between first and second drafts.

For an example schedule, see ‘How to plan time for essay writing’.

2. Understand the essay question

This might sound obvious, but grasping the full implications of the essay question or prompt is an important part of the process. Make sure that you set time aside to explore the meaning of the question and think about what you are being asked to do.

Another helpful way to approach an essay question is to break it down. For instance, a standard essay question might include words like analyze, contrast, and illustrate. Spelling out the meaning of these words may help in properly exploring the essay question; for instance, you might think about ‘breaking down an issue into its main features and looking at them in detail’ instead of just ‘analyzing’.

For more of these common essay words and how to better understand them, see the list on ‘How to understand the essay question’.

3. Plan and execute your research

Your research for an essay topic should be systematic rather than general. In other words, you should not worry about learning everything that has to do with the subject of your essay. You should target the information that is relevant to the essay question.

Deciding how much research is necessary for the essay is a major consideration. How many books or articles will you need to read? What sorts of online resources will you need to explore? Are there audio/visual sources that you will need to locate?

You will also want to consider what sort of primary sources you might need, and whether or not you should set aside time for gathering original data or planning museum/gallery visits.

For a list of specific research tactics, see ‘How to do research for an essay’.

4. Organize your material

At this point, you have finished with your research, and have collected all the material needed to write the essay. However, before you begin you should take a moment to step back and re-evaluate the essay question or topic. Consider your approach to the question, the main themes or ideas that are emerging, the arguments you can pursue, and the kind of evidence that you need.

Another important step is outlining the structure of the paper. You are probably aware that an essay needs an introductory paragraph, a main section, and a conclusion, but that basic format should be expanded upon in your specific essay plan. Think about creating an outline of headings for the main section based on the different themes and points you plan to touch on. You might also consider adding drafting notes under these headings to help you once you begin writing.









http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2015/05/4-things-before-writing-essays/

4 things to do before you start writing an essay | OxfordWords blog As tempting as it might be to just launch into the process of writing, there are important steps to take before actually setting pen to paper (or fingers t

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Do you know how to write thesis?

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHHtfO-Bu1M

Writing the Thesis This video lecture gives an overview of the different elements one should be aware of when writing a thesis or dissertation.

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A research on fasting shows that...

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Fasting for three days can regenerate entire immune system, study finds A person's entire immune system can be rejuvenated by fasting for as little as three days as it triggers the body to start producing new white blood cells, a study suggests

Dear Mom and Dad!

Today is that special day when Allah added someone to your family.
It was all because of the two of you which made it possible for me to see this world and live in it. It is still all because of the two of you who I am today and what I can do today. I really lack words to thank you for raising me in a way that I can understand the value of everything in my life without even thinking about its price. I can find my happiness in happiness of others and can burn myself in order to provide brightness and light for others.
Thank you very much for teaching me to be a good Muslim. Thank you very much for teaching me to be generous despite the poverty that we went through during our tough times. Thanks for teaching me to respect others without having any expectations from them. Thanks for teaching me to be kind to others and give love to all unconditionally. Thanks for teaching me to trust my friends, love them and show respect to them. Thanks for teaching me to motivate others in their hard times. Thanks for teaching me to help others when I am able to. Thanks for teaching me to share my happiness with others and finally the most important one, thanks for the everlasting motivation and encouragement with my education. However, I might have made you sad sometimes; I might have broken your hear; I might have not accepted you orders; I might not have served you properly; I am really sorry for all those mistakes, I might have committed.

Yes my dear friends. It is 22 June which happens to be my Birthday. Yes, I confess that I became 31 years old now. I hope to have more wonderful years together with parents, my family, my loved ones and sincere friends and relatives.

I LOVE YOU DAD AND MOM!

Your Son,

Hamdullah Hamdard

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How to Conduct Academic Research

Students and professionals both know that conducting accurate, valid, and timely research into academic topics such as history, literature, or anthropology is critical to success in the classroom and at work. Writing the results into a paper is also a major step in the process. Here are some basic steps in performing secondary research.

1. Determine your research topic/question. In some classes, students are told to find a topic; this means the exercise is for the purpose of learning the research process. In other situations, the required topic is clearly indicated from the class, your own work, or your professional needs. Your topic can be aroused from a sense of curiosity, hunch and interest over a particular perceived problem that you feel needed to be filled in the gap of knowledge.

2. Understand the difference between primary and secondary research. •Primary research means doing original research, meaning that this knowledge doesn't appear in any other paper. You might be reading through original treaties, newspaper articles, or authentic letters from authors or statesmen. You might be conducting scientific, medical or engineering experiments.
•Secondary research, the focus of this wikiHow article, means reading other experts' published papers to learn something new about your topic, to survey what others have said and written about it, to reach a conclusion about your ideas on the topic.

3. Determine your scope and time line. Any academic research should lead to a written report ("research paper") which may be a class assignment, a work task, or even a published article. Determine in advance how much total time you have for this work, and make a rough work schedule. •A work schedule must include the following major steps: 1. Finding and reading sources. 2. Collecting notes from sources. 3. Preparing a rough draft. 4. Revising the draft and incorporating source material and citations. 5. Preparing a final draft in the required format (MLA, APA, Turabian, etc.)
•The research scope means knowing how much of your broad subject you will deal with. Since you probably aren't writing a book or dissertation (100 or more pages), you must limit your reading and study to a particular focused aspect of the subject. This requires thinking about what specifically you want to cover. your academic research scope should not be too broad (in that it covered more than the required areas) and not too narrow (in that it does not meet the substantial requirement of a research scope).

4. Write a research question. This is a question that will guide you in your reading. It will turn into a thesis statement later. This question reminds you of what you want to find and read, what you are considering. It is not about a fact ("When did the French first arrive in Britain?"-- 1066 AD), but about an idea or opinion ("What did the French arrival in Britain do to the structure of the existing legal system?). The research questions should written in a way that will be represented in your hypothesis. It should be the basis in which your hypothesis stands.

5. Learn how to find useful sources. This is the heart of doing research. With the internet, there is more useful (and useless) information available than ever in the history of human inquiry. There is also plenty of material NOT available on the internet. •You might be required to use a certain number and type of resource. These could include: books, magazines or journals, encyclopedias (probably not Wikipedia), reference books, newspapers, letters, interviews, blogs, etc.
•You might need an academic (school or university) library. They do contain information and sources not generally or easily available on the internet, and reference librarians who can help you. Find your nearest library and determine how to get access privileges.

6. Collect some possible sources. Begin locating material to read: chapters, paragraphs, sections, sentences that cover your topic. Remember that you can't read everything on the topic. You also can't include every word you read in your paper. This is background reading for you to learn about your question.

7. Begin reading in detail. Focus on your research question and find information that illuminates it, explains, describes, analyzes, contrasts, or gives expert opinion and viewpoints on it. You are seeking to form your own judgment, based on what you read from your sources.

8. Find a method to take notes on what you read. This is more than merely copying, highlighting, or cutting/pasting. If you do only this, you will end up with a pile of bits and pieces, and will still have to wade through them to find useful, relevant, and specific quotes. • Take notes of these: 1. facts that are not common knowledge. 2. quotes from experts that state a concept in a unique, unusual, or startling way. 3. summaries of longer explanations.
•Learn the difference between a direct quote, paraphrase, and summary.
•Be sure to mark exactly where the note came from in your source. You must know the exact location: author, title, magazine, book, internet page URL, date, volume number, etc.
•Arrange your notes into groups according to their content, for later organization into sections of your paper.

9. Continue to consider new sources. While you are reading, you might find new information, or questions on a topic that you need to read up on. You might have to broaden your research to check on details, possible errors, corroborating or conflicting evidence, the context of an article, expert, or paper.

10. Evaluate the sources you use. See: How to Evaluate Sources. Your source must be credible in terms of the author, location of publication, date, publisher, etc.

11. Keep your research question in mind. This is what you will analyze in your paper. Your source material must help you establish your thesis (statement of opinion or belief) on that topic. If necessary after reading a lot, you might change your question to fit what you are actually finding. Or you might change your opinion after doing your reading.

12. Write your tentative thesis. This is a single statement of your viewpoint on your research question. See: How to formulate a thesis.

13. Begin writing your first draft. This is when you start writing what you have learned, what you feel about your topic and thesis. Write what you have learned. First give the background and set the context for this topic. Then start explaining, describing, give reasons, state causes or effects, or analyzing parts of the topic. •Some university papers require a first section on "literature review". This is a special section where you discuss what papers other experts have published on this topic.

14. Begin to add quotes, paraphrases, or summaries into your writing. These should be added into your paragraphs where they will highlight or help explain what you are saying. Be sure to introduce sourced materials in the correct way (see a standard writing handbook), and mark where your citation will be. •Note all material taken from sources must be cited. Depending on what system you use, your (in text) citation will contain a name, date, or page number. This notation will refer to the list at the end of the paper of References or Works Cited.

15. Continue writing your first draft, and then revise it. This writing process follows all similar academic writing steps. •Revising means checking the content of your paper, and making sure the thesis is developed, the content matches your thesis, there is enough material, it is in a logical order, nothing off topic is included, and the writing flows smoothly.
•Editing means checking the writing details such as paragraph breaks, sentence structure, punctuation, spelling, and citation formats.

16. Prepare the final draft. Strictly follow the format you are using, by checking with its handbook or style book. This includes: title page, page setup and numeration, in text citations, reference list, inclusion of visuals, sections and titles, etc.


http://www.wikihow.com/Conduct-Academic-Research

How to Conduct Academic Research Students and professionals both know that conducting accurate, valid, and timely research into academic topics such as history, literature, or anthropology is critical to success in the classroom and at work. Writing the results into a...