Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
An Economic Comparison between Using Concrete and Steel Frames in a Medium MultiStory Building in Iraq

Zainab A. Thoeny
Department of Political Thought, Collage of Political Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

Mustafa A. Thwaini
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, (Islamic Azad University) Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract
Building materials have always played essential roles in construction assessment, and cost calculation is important in selecting appropriate materials. Reinforced concrete and steel materials are usually used to construct multistory building structures. This study aims to evaluate and analyze using reinforced concrete and steel, frequently used as alternative structural building materials within the Iraqi construction sector, to determine which is cost-effective for building beams, columns, and slabs. In the present research, two multistory building models were designed with different concrete and steel raw materials, considering similar functions. Then, an economic comparison was made between them. The total height of the building was 16 meters at the top. The building was designed using a computer program (ETABS 2018). The designed building was adapted for several uses, such as a commercial center, offices, and service center. According to the study’s results, the reinforced concrete frame was 57.8% more economical than the steel frame in Iraq, according to the work activities quantitative analysis. While the time savings for the steel frame was 66 % better than the concrete frame.

Keywords:
Economic comparison, ETABS, Multistory building, Quantitative analysis, Reinforced concrete frame

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.3.13

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Automat Bill of Quantities for School Buildings Projects Using BIM

Elaf F. Abbas
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering College, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Faiq M. S. Al-Zwainy
Forensic DNA Center for Research and Training, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq.

Abstract
The Bill of Quantities (B.O.Q.) is a crucial document in construction projects, analyzing materials, labor, and expenses. Traditional methods involve manual measurement and interpretation, while 3D Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers a novel technique. This research compares the accuracy, efficiency, and industry implications of traditional and 3D BIM methods for estimating B.O.Q., highlighting the labor-intensive and error-prone nature of the conventional method. The second section introduces 3D BIM, which offers a virtual project representation, seamlessly integrating geometry, material data, and quantities to automate measurement and reduce errors. To provide empirical evidence, the paper includes a case study comparing estimated quantities by the (traditional method Tender), BIM, and site) in an actual construction project. The case study analyzes the project’s accuracy, consistency, and overall impact. The results showed the accuracy of BIM vs. as-Tender (83.911) and the accuracy of BIM vs. as-Actual (93.059), which is more than the accuracy of Tender vs. as-Actual (65.512).

Keywords:
Automation Bill of Quantities, Building Information Modelling, School Building Projects, Traditional Bill of Quantities, 3D BIM

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.3.12

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Comparison of the Water Quality and Salinity Modeling for AL-Rumaitha and AL-Atshan Rivers

Nawar O. Al-Musawi
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

Mohammed Abed Naser
General Directorate of Education in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Al-Muthanna, Iraq.

Abstract
Many rivers suffer acutely from various pollutants that pose risks to plant and animal life, the environment, and human health due to the lack of regulations to protect the rivers’ water quality and environmental safety. Weight Quality index method (WAQIM) based on 12 water quality parameters (Mg, Cl, EC, TDS, Ca, PO4, SO4, TH, Na, Turbidity, TSS, and Temp) using (SPSS) program Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methods. The water quality index results for AL-Atshan River were greater than 100, classified as poor and polluted water, compared to AL-Rumaitha River, which showed less than 100 pollution for most of the study period, classified as more suitable and needing less treatment than AL-Atshan River. The neural network obtained a mathematical model that can predict the total dissolved solids of AL-Atshan and Al-Rumaitha rivers with very high accuracy, as the determination coefficients were 96% and 98%, respectively, and the sampling results support this analysis, indicating that AL- Atshan River has a salinity higher than World Health Organization Standard limits. (EC was about 3000μs/cm TDS about 1600 ppm), while Al-Rumaitha’s results were within WHO specification limits (EC about 1500 μs/cm, TDS about 800 ppm).

Keywords:
Comparison, Water quality, AL-Rumaitha River, AL-Atshan River, Salinity, Total dissolved solid

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.3.11

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Experimental Study of Punching Shear on Reinforced Concrete Waffle Slabs Strengthened by CFRP Sheets

Ridha S. Khamees
Civil Department, Engineering College, Misan University, Misan, Iraq.

Mohammed S. Abd Ali
Southern Technical University, Technical Institute of Amara, Misan, Iraq.

Abstract
For the last five decades, researchers have been studying the punching shear of two-way reinforced slabs at column supports in structural testing laboratories. Limited tests are available on retrofitted waffle slab punching behavior. These are necessary since they establish a baseline against which punching shear design provisions can be created, calibrated, and evaluated. This work presents an experimental approach to investigate the punching shear of reinforced concrete waffle slabs strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) sheets. Retrofitted waffle slabs were tested under concentric monotonic loading. A series of tests on construction materials were also conducted. The testing program was divided into two categories (IWS1 and IWS2), with a total of ten specimens: solid sections (275 × 275) and (515 × 515) mm, respectively. The IWS1 category consisted of eight slabs; one slab was without strengthening as a reference slab, and the remaining slabs were strengthened. While IWS2 consisted of only two slabs. However, the waffle slabs’ observed punching failure mechanism was like flat slabs. All waffle slabs were punctured in a sudden position. Research showed that the CFRP retrofitting process enhanced the ultimate punching shear performance by 47.1% and the initial cracking load by 67.02%, respectively. When the solid size regions were increased, the ultimate punching load increased by 41.5 %, and the initial cracking load increased by 40.8%, respectively. Significant enhancements were documented in the proposed retrofitting mechanism.

Keywords:
Waffle slab, CFRP Sheets, Reinforced concrete, Punching shear, Retrofitting

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.3.10

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Evaluating the Hydraulic Performance of USBR II Stilling Basin with Rough Bed

Layla A. M. Saleh
Civil Department, Engineering College, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq.

Saleh I. Khassaf
Civil Department, Engineering College, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq.

Abstract
Stilling basins are built in conjunction with dams, weirs, and gates to dissipate the high kinetic energy of incoming flow and prevent severe scouring of the downstream riverbed. Dissipation of this high energy can be achieved through forming a hydraulic jump. The hydraulic jump features, including the relative length, ratio of sequent depth, and energy dissipation, are utilized as criteria to evaluate the efficiency of the stilling basin operation. The present study involved conducting experimental and numerical tests to evaluate the performance of the USBR II stilling basin downstream of an ogee spillway using six upstream Froude numbers ranging between 6.37 and 14.97. Experiments were conducted for the Typified USBR II stilling basin. The results were used to perform mesh sensitivity for numerical simulation. The USBRII stilling basin with different rough beds was numerically simulated using FLOW-3D software. The rough beds were designed using three roughness intensities, 10%, 15%, and 22%, and three relative roughness heights: 1, 0.75. and 1. According to the numerical results, distributing staggered cubic elements in the bed of the USBR II stilling basin at 10% intensity and a relative roughness height of (1) enhanced the stilling basin performance compared to the smooth bed and other rough beds. In the case of the best roughness bed, the sequent depth ratio decreased by about 12.1%, and the energy dissipation enhanced by around 5.1% compared to the Typified basin.

Keywords:
Hydraulic jump, Numerical simulation, Relative energy dissipation, Roughness, Sequent depth ratio, Stilling basin

DOI:

Evaluating the Hydraulic Performance of USBR II Stilling Basin with Rough Bed | Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences Evaluating the Hydraulic Performance of USBR II Stilling Basin with Rough Bed Article Sidebar PDF Published: Jul 17, 2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.3.9 Keywords: Hydraulic jump, Numerical simulation, Relative energy dissipation, Roughness, Sequent depth ratio, Stilling basin Main Article...

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Investigating the Potential of Water Treatment Sludge for Improvement of the Geotechnical Properties of Gypseous Soil

Mohammed H. Ali
Civil Department, Engineering College, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq.

Khalid R. Mahmood Aljanabi
Civil Department, Engineering College, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq.

Ayad S. Mustafa
Civil Department, Engineering College, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq.

Abstract
Water treatment sludge (WTS) has in recent years been used for improvement in geotechnical properties of soil. The present study has been taken up to establish whether WTS can be used for the improvement of gypseous soil by assessing its effects on the geotechnical properties. Soil samples were collected from the study area while WTS were locally obtained from a water treatment plant. Chemical and physical properties, mineral compositions, particle size distribution, water content, and Atterberg limits of soil and WTS were determined. The laboratory test was performed by employing laboratory testing to investigate the effects of different percentages of WTS on the strength, compressibility, collapsibility, and compatibility of the soil at different curing times. The results obtained showed that WTS influenced the geotechnical properties of gypseous soils significantly. Improvements in the strength, compressibility, and collapsibility were shown. The best application rate of WTS was suggested on the basis of the possible improvements in the geotechnical properties. From the study’s outcomes, it could be concluded that the use of WTS may be an alternate and economic material for the improvement of geotechnical properties of gypseous soil.

Keywords:
Geotechnical Properties, Gypsum Soil, Improvement, Soil Stabilization, Waste Treatment Sludge

DOI:

Investigating the Potential of Water Treatment Sludge for Improvement of the Geotechnical Properties of Gypseous Soil | Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences Investigating the Potential of Water Treatment Sludge for Improvement of the Geotechnical Properties of Gypseous Soil Article Sidebar PDF Published: Jul 16, 2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.3.8 Keywords: Geotechnical Properties, Gypsum Soil, Improvement, Soil Stabilization, Waste Treatment...

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Generative AI Chatbot for Engineering Scientific Journal

Aziz I. Abdulla
Civil Eng. Dept, College of Eng., Tikrit University

Ibtisam Jassim Mohammed
College of Education for Humanities, Tikrit Univerity, Iraq.

Zainab Yacoob Yousif
Basrah University College of Science and Technology, Basrah, Iraq.

Belal Alsubari
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering College, Miami College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.

Abstract
Abstract: This study focuses on exploring the potential of artificial intelligence as an alternative, effective, and user-preferred tool for answering inquiries, compared to traditional methods such as FAQs or email and ticketing systems. The study highlights how AI can enhance efficiency and accuracy in processing and responding to inquiries from readers, authors, and reviewers, by providing immediate and customized answers based on the analysis of information available on the journal's website and the data fed to the chatbot. Through in-depth discussions and an analysis of the inquiries received over a full six months, totaling about 3000 inquiries, the study demonstrates the good ability of the chatbot to understand complex inquiries and provide satisfactory answers. The study indicates that chatbots can reduce the workload on editorial teams of scientific journals by automating responses to routine inquiries, allowing staff to dedicate more time to editorial and academic tasks. One of the key aspects of training is teaching the chatbot to provide correct answers to various inquiries and to avoid responding to negative or redundant inquiries. The research explores the challenges of applying AI in this context, including the need to train smart models to understand specific academic language and ensure accuracy in responses, as well as addressing privacy concerns and data security. The importance of designing flexible and adaptable AI systems to meet the diverse requirements of different scientific journals and their users is emphasized. The study concludes that artificial intelligence is a promising tool for improving the interaction between academic journals and their communities, offering an effective alternative to traditional systems. It highlights the necessity for ongoing research and development to enhance AI capabilities. Notably, the AI tool currently lacks a direct method for correcting its wrong answers, which is one of the most effective learning tools used by parents to correct their children's answers. One of the key recommendations of the study is that AI training should be conducted in stages.

Keywords:
AI Chatbot, ,AI training, FAQs, Scientific Journal Helper

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.3.7

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Evaluating Some Mechanical Characteristics of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Modified by Polyphosphoric Acid

Marwa J. Badr
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

Mohammed Q. Ismael
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

Abstract
Sustainable waste management aims to reduce the consumption of raw materials by reusing as many RCA materials as possible. This research aims to evaluate the influence treated and untreated recycling coarse aggregate on the hot asphalt mixture’s properties using asphalt grade (40-50) modified with 3% Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA). RCA was used in different proportions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) as a substitute for raw coarse aggregate; the effect of treatment on improving the RCA’s quality was tested. Volumetric properties associated with the Marshall test for asphalt concrete were tested. Tensile strength ratio (TSR) and index of retained strength (IRS) measurements were used to assess the moisture effect. The study findings indicated that 25% RCA is the maximum amount of RCA from concrete that should be added to asphalt mixtures. This percentage recorded the highest values for TSR and IRS, with the ideal modified asphalt content of 4.86%. Based on the results of this study, asphalt concrete's durability will generally grow with RCA use, while its susceptibility to moisture will increase. However, treated RCA improved the results compared to untreated RCA. Using asphalt modified with polyphosphoric acid remarkably improved the asphalt mixtures’ performance and reduced the asphalt consumption rate.

Keywords:
Index of Retained Strength (IRS), Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA), Recycled Concrete Aggregate, Treated RCA, Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR)

DOI:

Evaluating Some Mechanical Characteristics of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Modified by Polyphosphoric Acid | Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences Evaluating Some Mechanical Characteristics of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Modified by Polyphosphoric Acid Article Sidebar PDF Published: Jul 10, 2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.3.6 Keywords: Index of Retained Strength (IRS), Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA), Recyc...

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
MnO2 Nano Particles Modified a Double Layer Cathode Reactor for an Efficient Removal of DBT in Diesel

Maha Nazar Ismael
National School of Engineering of Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia.

Ghassan H. Abdullah
Department of Petroleum and Gas Refining Engineering, College of Petroleum Processes Engineering, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq.

Hatem Mhiri
National School of Engineers of Monastir, Laboratory of Thermal and Thermodynamic of Industrial Processes, Monastir, Tunisia.

Fatin Hassan Yahya
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq.

Abstract
Due to its many engineering applications, low manufacturing costs, and environmental friendliness, 3D printing is considered one of the most promising manufacturing technologies. The quality of printed parts will inevitably be affected by the controllable variables used in the 3D printing process. The present study aims to investigate how different printing process parameters affect the bending strength of PLA prints. The ASTM D790 standard was used to fabricate the samples in this work, while the Taguchi principle was used to design the experiments. The following values were chosen: shell width (0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2 mm), layer thickness (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 mm), and infill density (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). The results showed that fill density is the most effective variable for improving bending strength. Measurements of infill density (100%), layer thickness (0.15 mm), and shell width (2 mm) gave the best results, which were calculated to be 83.1479 MPa in bending test. The mathematical model in this study was developed using linear regression analysis, and the residuals confirmed that the model fit the data well, with a maximum error of 6.1%.

Keywords:
Deep Desulfurization, MnO2 Nanoparticles, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Cathodic Reduction, Dibenzothiophene

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.3.5

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Evaluation Performance for Iraqi Oil Projects Using Earned Value Analysis

Nidal Adnan Jasim
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq.

Abdulrahman Adnan Ibrahim
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tikrit, Tikrit, Iraq.

Wadhah Amer Hatem
Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Abstract
Poor performance measuring procedures in the oil and gas sector can result in project cost overruns, schedule delays, and scope expansions. Earned value management, an integrated project planning and control system that monitors cost and schedule performance, makes it possible to identify performance issues early and adopt corrective measures quickly. This study aims to thoroughly comprehend the differences between actual and planned expenses, as well as the potential use of Earned Value Management (EVM) to compare and analyze the available data and to assess the effectiveness of EVM when applied to a real project in helping a project manager achieve success in terms of budget utilization and schedule compliance. For this purpose, data were collected from the Karbala Refinery Project, which is one of the vast and modern projects of the State Company for Oil Projects (SCOP), the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, based on (84) monthly reports starting on (June 26, 2015) up to (August 25, 2022). The data was arranged in a spreadsheet format suitable for statistical analysis using Microsoft Office Excel, and the earned value was analyzed and its indexes. The results showed that the earned value indexes Cost Performance Index (CPI), the Schedule Performance Index (SPI), and the To-Complete Cost Performance Indicator (TCPI) achieved for the task construction of the Karbala refinery project were as follows: 1.029, 0.991, and 0.237, respectively, which means that the construction task for the Karbala refinery project is late and still within the budget.

Keywords:
Earned Value Management (EVM), Schedule Performance Index (SPI), Cost Performance Index (CPI), To-Complete Cost Performance Indicator (TCPI), Oil Projects, Refineries

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.3.4

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
A Statistical Investigation and Prediction of the Effect of FDM Variables on Flexural Stress of PLA Prints

Khalida K. Mansor
Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.

Alaa H. Shabeeb
Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.

Emad A. Hussein
Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.

Tahseen F. Abbas
Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.

Aqeel S. Bedan
Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.

Abstract
Due to its many engineering applications, low manufacturing costs, and environmental friendliness, 3D printing is considered one of the most promising manufacturing technologies. The quality of printed parts will inevitably be affected by the controllable variables used in the 3D printing process. The present study aims to investigate how different printing process parameters affect the bending strength of PLA prints. The ASTM D790 standard was used to fabricate the samples in this work, while the Taguchi principle was used to design the experiments. The following values were chosen: shell width (0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2 mm), layer thickness (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 mm), and infill density (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). The results showed that fill density is the most effective variable for improving bending strength. Measurements of infill density (100%), layer thickness (0.15 mm), and shell width (2 mm) gave the best results, which were calculated to be 83.1479 MPa in bending test. The mathematical model in this study was developed using linear regression analysis, and the residuals confirmed that the model fit the data well, with a maximum error of 6.1%.

Keywords:
3D Printing, Bending Strength, FDM Process Variables, Linear Regression, PLA

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.3.2

Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences
Ring Footing Bearing Capacity Erected on Dry Gypseous Soil

Khudur A. E. Al-Janabi
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tikrit, Tikrit, Iraq.

Lamyaa N. Snodi
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tikrit, Tikrit, Iraq.

Adnan J. Zedan
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tikrit, Tikrit, Iraq.

Abstract
This study investigates the behavior of ring footing erected on gypseous soil and compares it with the circular footing, including conducting (24) experiments of loading ring footings, where the inner and external diameter ratio was (Din./Dout. = 0, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4), resting on two types of Gypseous soil, for the circular footing the external diameter was (150mm) and thickness (15mm) made from solid steel. The results for study showed the ring footings were best than the circular footings. The ratio (Din./Dout. = 0.4) was beast for all ratios of (Df/D). Capacity of bearing increased when the ratio (Df/D) increase. Bearing capacity for high-gypsum content soil showed good results compared to the low-gypsum content soil. The first was high content of gypsum (63.42%) obtained from the Tikrit University, and the second was low content of gypsum (8.15%) from the Baiji area. The tests were doing inside box have dimensions (900×900×700 mm). The experiments were divided into twelve tests for dry gypsum soil condition with high gypsum content using density of (13.76 kN/m3), and twelve tests for dry soil with low gypsum content using density of (14.87 kN/m3). Experiments were conducted for different ratios (Df/D=0, 0.5, and 1).

Keywords:
Capacity of Bearing, Dry Gypseous Soil, High Content of Gypsum, Low Gypsum Content, Ring Footing

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.3.1