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Class 9th lesson 3 all there
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Class 8th lesson 2

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10th 2
**" Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom"** ke bilingual (Hindi-English) notes hain jo aapko samajhne aur yaad karne mein kaafi madad karenge:
# # **Main Summary (Saaransha)**
* **Inauguration Day / Udghatan ka Din:**
* **English:** The ceremony took place on 10th May 1994 in the Union Buildings amphitheatre in Pretoria. It was the largest gathering of international leaders on South African soil.
* **Hindi:** Yeh samaroh 10 May 1994 ko Pretoria ke Union Buildings amphitheatre mein hua tha. South Africa ki dharti par yeh antarrashtriya netaon ka sabse bada jamavda tha.
* **The End of Apartheid / Rang-bhed ka Anth:**
* **English:** Mandela describes the day as a victory for justice, peace, and human dignity. It marked the end of the "Apartheid" system—a system of racial discrimination.
* **Hindi:** Mandela is din ko nyay, shanti aur manaviya samman ki jeet batate hain. Isne "Apartheid" (rang-bhed) pranali ke anth ko darshaya.
* **Twin Obligations / Do Zimmedariyan:**
* **English:** Every man has two obligations: one to his family (parents, wife, children) and the second to his people, community, and country.
* **Hindi:** Har insaan ki do zimmedariyan hoti hain: pehli apne parivar (maa-baap, patni, bacche) ke liye aur doosri apne logon, samuday aur desh ke liye.
# # **Important Points to Remember (Zaroori Baatein)**
| Concept | English Description | Hindi Me Matlab
| **Courage** | Not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. | Darr ka na hona nahi, balki us par vijay pana. |
| **Freedom** | Not just a personal thing, but the ability to live with dignity. | Sirf ek vyaktigat cheez nahi, balki samman ke saath jeene ki azadi. |
| **Oppressor** | A person who takes away someone else's freedom is a prisoner of hatred. | Jo doosron ki azadi chhinta hai, woh khud nafrat ka kaidi hota hai. |
| **Patriots** | Mandela thanked those who sacrificed their lives for freedom. | Mandela ne un desh-bhakton ka dhanyavad kiya jinhone azadi ke liye jaan di. |
# # **Key Vocabulary (Shabd-Arth)**
* **Discrimination:** Bhed-bhaav (रंग या जाति के आधार पर अंतर करना)
* **Emancipation:** Azadi / Mukti (बंधनों से मुक्ति)
* **Spectacular:** Shandaar (शानदार)
* **Resilience:** Mushkil waqt mein mazboot bane rehna (मुसीबत में न हार मानने की शक्ति)
**Exam Tip:** Mandela ke anusar, koi bhi insaan nafrat ke saath paida nahi hota; nafrat sikhayi jati hai. Agar log nafrat karna sikh sakte hain, toh unhe **pyar** karna bhi sikhaya ja sakta hai kyunki pyar dil mein zyada swabhavik (natural) tarike se aata hai.

Class 10th for 2026

The NCERT syllabus for Classes 9 and 10 has undergone a significant transformation for the 2026-27 academic session, moving away from rote memorization toward conceptual depth and real-world application.
Here is a breakdown of the key changes for both classes:
Class 9: The Major Overhaul
Class 9 is seeing the most dramatic curriculum shift in nearly 20 years, aligned with the National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF-SE) 2023.
1. Mathematics & Science
* Vertical Migration: Several topics previously taught in Class 10, 11, and 12 have been moved down to Class 9 to build a stronger foundation earlier.
* New in Class 9 Maths: Arithmetic Progression (AP), Geometric Progression (GP), and Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables.
* Science Updates:
* Physics: The "Gravitation" chapter has been condensed; "Work and Energy" is now "Work, Energy and Simple Machines."
* Biology: "Improvement in Food Resources" is removed, but new chapters on Reproduction and Diversity have been added.
* Chemistry: Reduced from 4 chapters to 3, focusing on core matter and atomic structure.
2. Social Science & English
* Social Science Integration: History, Geography, Political Science, and Economics are no longer separate books. They are now integrated into a single cohesive study.
* Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS): A new focus on indigenous traditions and India's historical scientific contributions.
* English: The old textbooks (Beehive and Moments) are replaced by a single new book titled "Kaveri."
Class 10: Stability & Strategy
Unlike Class 9, the Class 10 syllabus for 2026 remains largely similar in content to the previous year, but the testing method has changed.
* No New Chapters: The core chapters in Maths (Trigonometry, Statistics, Algebra) and Science remain the same.
* Shift in Assessment: Exams will focus heavily on Competency-Based Questions. This means fewer direct definitions and more questions asking you to apply a formula or concept to a real-life scenario.
* Internal Exams: For some school-level assessments, "Open Book" formats are being introduced to encourage students to use their notes to solve complex problems rather than memorizing facts.
Key Summary Table
| Feature | Class 9 (2026-27) | Class 10 (2026-27) |
|---|---|---|
| Textbooks | Mostly New (e.g., "Kaveri" for English) | Same NCERT Rationalized Books |
| Subject Split | Integrated Social Science | Separate subjects (His/Geo/Civ/Eco) |
| Difficulty | Advanced topics moved from higher classes | Same difficulty, higher application focus |
| Focus | Inquiry-based & Discovery | Skill-based & Analytical |
> Advice for Teachers and Students: Do not buy old/second-hand books for Class 9 this year, as the content and chapter sequences have changed significantly. For Class 10, focus on solving "Case-Based" and "Assertion-Reasoning" question

Short Notes: Real Numbers (Vastavik Sankhyayein)
1. Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Har ek composite number (bhajya sankhya) ko prime numbers (avidyut sankhya) ke product ke roop mein likha ja sakta hai. Yeh factorization unique hota hai.
* Formula: HCF(a, b) \times LCM(a, b) = a \times b
* Yeh formula sirf do numbers ke liye valid hai.
2. Revisiting Irrational Numbers
Agar p ek prime number hai aur p, a^2 ko divide karta hai, toh p, a ko bhi divide karega (jahan a ek positive integer hai).
* Iska upyog \sqrt{2}, \sqrt{3}, \sqrt{5} ko irrational prove karne ke liye kiya jata hai.
3. Rational Numbers and Their Decimal Expansions
Maana x = \frac{p}{q} ek rational number hai:
* Terminating (Shant): Agar q ke prime factors 2^n 5^m ke roop mein hain.
* Non-terminating Repeating (Ashant Avarti): Agar q ke prime factors 2^n 5^m ke roop mein nahi hain.
Important Questions with Answers
Q1. 96 aur 404 ka HCF aur LCM Prime Factorization method se nikaalein.
Answer:
* * * HCF (Sabse chhoti power ka product) = 2^2 = 4
* LCM (Sabse badi power ka product) = 2^5 \times 3 \times 101 = 32 \times 3 \times 101 = 9696
Q2. Prove karein ki \sqrt{3} ek irrational number hai.
Answer (Short Summary):
* Maan lijiye \sqrt{3} rational hai, toh \sqrt{3} = \frac{a}{b} (jahan a, b co-prime hain).
* Square karne par: 3 = \frac{a^2}{b^2} \Rightarrow a^2 = 3b^2. Iska matlab 3, a^2 ko divide karta hai, toh 3, a ko bhi divide karega.
* Maana a = 3c. Toh (3c)^2 = 3b^2 \Rightarrow 9c^2 = 3b^2 \Rightarrow b^2 = 3c^2.
* Iska matlab 3, b ko bhi divide karta hai.
* Lekin humne maana tha a aur b co-prime hain. Isliye hamara assumption galat hai aur \sqrt{3} irrational hai.
Q3. Bina lambi bhag prakriya (division) ke batayein ki \frac{13}{3125} shant (terminating) hai ya nahi?
Answer:
* Denominator 3125 = 5 \times 5 \times 5 \times 5 \times 5 = 5^5.
* Yahan denominator 2^0 \times 5^5 ke roop mein hai.
* Isliye, yeh ek Terminating (Shant) decimal expansion hai.
Quick Revision Table
| Concept | Key Point |
|---|---|
| HCF | Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor. |
| LCM | Product of the greatest power of each prime factor. |
| Rational | Can be written as p/q, where q \neq 0. |
| Irrational | Cannot be written as p/q (e.g., \pi, \sqrt{2}). |

the key quickly.
1. of
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It is made up of very tiny particles.
Characteristics of Particles of Matter:
* They have space between them.
* They are continuously moving (possess Kinetic Energy).
* They attract each other (Intermolecular Force).
2. of Matter
| Property | Solid | Liquid | Gas |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shape | Fixed | Not Fixed | Not Fixed |
| Volume | Fixed | Fixed | Not Fixed |
| Inter-particle Space | Minimum | Moderate | Maximum |
| Force of Attraction | Maximum | Moderate | Minimum |
| Compressibility | Negligible | Low | Very High |
3. of State
Matter can change its state by changing Temperature or Pressure.
* Fusion (Melting): Solid changing into Liquid.
* Vaporisation (Boiling): Liquid changing into Gas.
* Sublimation: The change of state directly from Solid to Gas (or vice versa) without changing into liquid. (Example: Camphor, Ammonium Chloride, Dry Ice).
* Heat: The "hidden" heat required to change the state of a substance without increasing its temperature.
* Latent Heat of Fusion: Heat to turn 1 kg of solid to liquid.
* Latent Heat of Vaporisation: Heat to turn 1 kg of liquid to gas.
4. Ev***ration
The process of a liquid changing into v***r at any temperature below its boiling point.
Factors Affecting Ev***ration:
* Surface Area: Increasing the surface area increases ev***ration (e.g., spreading clothes).
* Temperature: Increasing temperature increases ev***ration.
* Humidity: Decreasing humidity increases ev***ration.
* Wind Speed: Increasing wind speed increases ev***ration.
Important Fact: Ev***ration always causes a Cooling Effect (e.g., sweating or water in an earthen pot).
5. Important Units and Conversions
* SI Unit of Temperature: Kelvin (K).
* Conversion Formula: K = °C + 273 (Example: 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K).
* SI Unit of Pressure: Pascal (Pa).
* Standard Atmospheric Pressure: 1 atmosphere (atm).
Key Exam Questions (Checklist):
* Why do we wear cotton clothes in summer?
* How does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
* What is 'Dry Ice'? (Solid CO_2).
* Differentiate between Boiling and Ev***ration.

Here are the short notes for Class 8 Science, Chapter 1: Crop Production and Management in English:
1. Crop
When plants of the same kind are grown and cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop.
* Kharif Crops: Sown in the rainy season (June to September). Examples: Paddy, maize, soybean, groundnut, and cotton.
* Rabi Crops: Sown in the winter season (October to March). Examples: Wheat, gram, pea, mustard, and linseed.
2. Basic Practices of Crop Production
Cultivation of crops involves several steps taken by farmers:
* Preparation of Soil: Tilling or ploughing the soil to make it loose, allowing roots to breathe and pe*****te deep.
* Sowing: Selecting clean, healthy, and high-yielding seeds and planting them at the right depth and distance.
* Adding Manure and Fertilizers: Adding substances to the soil to replenish nutrients.
* Manure: Organic substance obtained from decomposition of plant/animal wastes.
* Fertilizers: Chemical substances rich in specific nutrients (e.g., Urea, Potash).
* Irrigation: Supplying water to crops at regular intervals.
* Modern Methods: Sprinkler system and Drip system (saves water).
* Protection from Weeds: Removing undesirable plants (weeds) that grow naturally with the crop. This process is called Weeding.
* Harvesting: Cutting of crop after it is mature. Threshing is the process of separating grains from the chaff.
* Storage: Keeping harvested grains safe from moisture, insects, rats, and microorganisms in Silos or Granaries.
3. Difference Between Fertilizer and Manure
| Feature | Fertilizer | Manure |
|---|---|---|
| Nature | Man-made inorganic salt. | Natural substance from cattle dung and plant residues. |
| Preparation | Prepared in factories. | Can be prepared in the fields. |
| Humus | Does not provide any humus to soil. | Provides a lot of humus to the soil. |
| Nutrients | Very rich in Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. | Relatively less rich in plant nutrients. |
4. Nitrogen Fixation
Bacteria called Rhizobium, present in the root nodules of leguminous plants (like pulses), fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil to increase fertility.
Would you like me to explain any specific term like "Drip Irrigation" or "Tilling" in more detail?

8
कविता का सार (Summary in Hindi):
​अतुलनीय आत्मविश्वास: कवि कहते हैं कि अभी उनके जीवन का अंत नहीं होगा। उनका मानना है कि उनके जीवन में अभी-अभी वसंत (नया उत्साह) आया है, इसलिए अभी उन्हें बहुत काम करना है।
​प्रकृति और युवा पीढ़ी: कवि सोई हुई कलियों (जो कि आज के आलसी युवाओं का प्रतीक हैं) को अपने कोमल हाथों से सहलाकर जगाना चाहते हैं। वे चाहते हैं कि वे अपनी तंद्रा (नींद) और आलस को त्यागकर सक्रिय बनें।
​नया सवेरा: जैसे वसंत आने पर चारों ओर हरियाली और फूलों की खुशबू फैल जाती है, वैसे ही कवि अपनी रचनाओं के माध्यम से समाज और युवाओं में नई ऊर्जा और उत्साह भरना चाहते हैं।
​अमृत से सींचना: कवि अपने जीवन के सुखों और सकारात्मकता के 'अमृत' से इन युवाओं को सींचना चाहते हैं ताकि वे हमेशा खिले रहें और कभी निराश न हों।

Biology 12th board exam 2026