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May 15 is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 230 days remaining until the end of the year.May 15 is celebrated as the International Day of the Family. This day highlights the importance of families. It aims at fostering equality, bringing about a fuller sharing of domestic responsibilities and employment opportunities. The programmes undertaken to commemorate the day, work towards supporting families in the discharge of their functions. They tend to promote the inherent strengths of families, including their great capacity of self-reliance, and stimulate self-sustaining activities.

Family constitutes the basic unit of society. Hence, the widest possible protection and assistance should be accorded to families so that they fully assume their responsibilities within the community to the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Declaration on Social Progress and Developments and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against women.According to Murdock, an anthropologist, a family is "a group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more of their children of their own or adopted by the sexually cohabiting adults."The biological, emotional and economic needs are the foundation of a family. It grows out of biological needs, particularly those of the expectant mother and the infant child, who cannot support and live by themselves.

Every association of people; it be a state, a nation, or a tribe -- has its own distinctive culture, its modes of living and thought, which are developed as a response to the peculiar circumstances of the environment, natural and ideological. Family is the agency through which the impressionable rising generation is made familiar with such traditions. It teaches the individual what situations to anticipate, how to behave and what behaviour to expect, by giving one the gifts of language and dress which integrate within one’s cultural ethos. It facilitates adjustment to people and groups outside the family circle.

Family plays an important role in transmission of the cultural traditions from one generation to another. It acts as an educative unit and a socio-cultural agency. The importance of this aspect lies in the fact that children all over the world get their earliest instruction in the family beginning with language.

Distinctive Features of the Family



Family has the following distinctive features:-

Universality. In view of the fact that all aspects of an individual’s life, are considerably influenced and made possible by family grouping, it is found all over the world and at all levels of culture. Besides, there is no conclusive or convincing evidence that there ever was a time when this institution did not exist. Modern civilization has not so far succeeded in providing a complete and fully satisfying substitute to this grouping. Family is the most universal and the most important organization for socialization.

Emotional basis. The integrative bonds in a family are of mutual affection and blood ties. This emotional basis makes it ideally suited for the all-important role of early education, which makes it an institution of considerable importance as a transmitter of culture.

Educative role. The most plastic year of every individual’s life, that is, childhood, is spent in the family. It is here that one gets the earliest and the most fundamental lessons in socialization. One is mentally formed according to the norms of society, which get ingrained in one to re-appear in adult life as conscience or super-ego. The cultural traditions that are imbibed by an individual are imbibed in the familial setting, making the formative influence of the family supreme.

Limited size. The family, throughout the world, is characterized by its precision as compared to other types of groupings like the sib or clan for instance.

Nuclear position. With regard to all the different types of groupings, family plays an important role in so far as it prepares the individual for participation in all these secondary groups, for their demands and situations. It serves as the nucleus for the growth of other types of groupings which never deal with the cultureless creature that a newly-born child is.

Sense of responsibility among members. Even though emotions and feelings are the main basis of family life, it is not completely devoid of reason. A sense of responsibility among its members in relation to one another is an aspect, which is more rational and reasoned than emotional and instinctive. This feeling of personal responsibility towards one another is very important to ensure the smooth working of the familial grouping, and consequently of society as a whole; and, therefore, we find society stepping in to ensure it through customs and mores.

Social regulations. Society has to ensure, by evolving mores and folkways, that the individual members in a family do perform all those functions towards each other on the basis of which the wider network of social relationships is dependent for its success. For example, there are social restrictions on divorce varying in intensity, in almost every society.

Persistence and change. Whereas family as an institution is the most permanent and universal one in human societies, as an association it is subject to constant change in composition and structure, even within the same society.

Effect of Modernization on Family

In the simple and peasant societies, family was the unit of production as well as a primary unit of society. In the industrial society, the family has lost the place of being the unit of production and has been replaced by individual as the primary unit of society who works as a wage-earner or professional. The roles of family and marriage have undergone significant change in industrial societies. But even today, family occupies a unique place in industrial as well as pre-industrial societies. Families assume diverse forms and functions that vary from region to region, and express the social condition. It is seen that the family in Asia is moving slowly towards the Western nuclear family model, but retaining certain structural forms and traditional values.

Global Trends Emerging in the Family

Some of the general trends in family today, with the progress of industrialization, urbanization, and modernization, are towards greater degree of:

Egalitarian family relations, with less sexual segregation and limited subjugation of women to an inferior status;

Emphasis on individualism and independence;

Greater differentiation and specialized functioning of social institutions;

Life in an urban setting;

Birth control and family planning;

Social mobility;

Marital disruption and divorce;

Neglect and improper care for the elderly;

Formal education for children; and

Governmental influence on family activities.

Institution of Family in India

Indian family, which is predominantly joint or extended, has remained remarkably stable despite some marked and drastic social, political, economic and religious changes over the last thirty years. Family has retained its primarily joint or extended characteristics. In general, Indian family has the following structural features: In the cyclical family pattern, that is, joint family – nuclear family-joint family, landowners maintain the multi-couple life style for a longer time while non-cultivating landowners retain this family pattern for a shorter period; landless labourers tend to adhere to the extended family system for at least a while, despite the hindrance of early mortality. The socialization process is composed of a series of ceremonies beginning with the bathing and naming of the infant.

In a society as large and culturally diverse and complex as India, changes take place at different speeds and at different levels of population. As such, the directions and patterns of change among women tend to vary not only among different segments of society, but also in different kinds of family organizations which vary considerably both structurally and functionally.

Families on the Indian fringe are undergoing a change. The main factors of change are modern education, development programmes and urbanization. The direction of change is from the hold of collectivity (tribe, clan and family) to increasing individuality.

Woman in Indian Family

Women are the arbiters of social change. They play an important role in teaching the human entrants to this world the first lessons of life and making them accept values which are helpful later in shaping their personality, attitude and behaviour.

Women set the pattern of the familyh. If women’s reproductive health needs are met through good quality services, they will themselves become the best supporters of the family planning programmes. Many people and even the Eighth Five Year Plan document have criticised the so-called "target" approach because it distorted the attention of health needs of people, and led to falsifying of information.

The Family Welfare Programme is being implemented all over India by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and by major donor agencies on the basis of "target-free" approach. This approach, renamed Community Needs Assessment Approach envisages replacement of the system of setting contraceptive targets from the top by a system of decentralized participatory planning at the grassroots level. The decentralized planning will take into action the needs of the community and is expected to lead the improvement in quality of services, client satisfaction as well as greater acceptance by people.

The Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programme launched on 15 October 1997, draws its mandate from the programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994. Under the Programme, a comprehensive package of services for family planning, maternal and child health and management of reproductive tract infections is being implemented. Inputs are provided to improve the delivery system of facilities provided to bridge the gap between services provided and unmet needs. The emphasis is on ensuring quality service by making available requisite logistics, in service training and monitoring and supervision.

The Child Survival and Safe Motherhood (CSSM) programme has brought about great improvements in the field of immunization.

A population policy whose basic premise is people’s welfare and women’s health and rights, is the need of the hour. With the constitution of the National Population Commission, the stage is now set for fine-tuning the multifaceted population policy. It is clear that achieving the goals of decelerating population growth requires a degree of social change rather than the technology inputs offered in the family welfare programmes.

If indeed the objective of a population policy is to understand the dynamics of growth and to help people exercise right options, family with all its new and emerging dimensions needs to be reinstated as an area of sociological concern..

Public discourse in India concerns itself with the supposed threat to traditional Indian family life and values by the "cultural invasion" from the West. Disintegration of joint families, decline in the value system and emergence of television as a powerful medium have posed a serious threat to the senior citizens of the country. The fastest growing section of the Indian population, older persons, have increasingly been marginalised and emotionally isolated from the mainstream of society.

Industrialization and westernization have considerably modified the traditional Indian value-system. Side by side the caste system has been weakened through social and political reforms.

While keeping pace with the fast changing modern standards and lifestyles, the Indian family still appears adaptive and robust.