20/03/2026
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đ ICSE Class 10 GEOGRAPHY - Chapter Climate Notes
đš 1. Weather vs Climate
Weather â Day-to-day condition of atmosphere (temperature, rainfall, wind etc.)
Climate â Average weather condition of a place over a long period (30â35 years)
đš 2. Elements of Climate
These are the main components:
1. Temperature
2. Atmospheric Pressure
3. Wind
4. Humidity
5. Precipitation (Rainfall, Snow etc.)
đš 3. Factors Affecting Climate
đ (a) Latitude
Near Equator â Hot
Near Poles â Cold
đ Because sun rays are direct at equator and slanting at poles
â°ī¸ (b) Altitude
Higher altitude â Lower temperature
đ Example: Darjeeling is cooler than Kolkata
đ (c) Distance from Sea
Coastal areas â Moderate climate
Inland areas â Extreme climate
đ Example: Mumbai vs Delhi
đŦī¸ (d) Winds
Winds bring heat or cold from one place to another
đ (e) Relief (Mountains)
Mountains block winds
đ Example: Himalayas block cold winds from Central Asia
đš 4. Temperature
âī¸ Insolation (Incoming Solar Radiation)
Main source of heat is Sun
âī¸ Factors affecting temperature:
Latitude
Altitude
Distance from sea
Ocean currents
Winds
đš 5. Atmospheric Pressure
Air exerts pressure â called atmospheric pressure
Types:
1. High Pressure â Cold, dense air
2. Low Pressure â Warm, light air
đ Air moves from high pressure â low pressure
đš 6. Winds
âī¸ Definition:
Movement of air from high pressure to low pressure
âī¸ Types of Winds:
(a) Permanent Winds
Trade Winds
Westerlies
Polar Winds
(b) Periodic Winds
Monsoon Winds (India)
Land & Sea Breeze
(c) Local Winds
Loo (hot wind in North India)
Chinook, Foehn
đš 7. Humidity
Amount of water vapour in air
Types:
Absolute Humidity
Relative Humidity
đ High humidity = more moisture in air
đš 8. Condensation
Process of water vapour changing into liquid
Forms:
Dew
Frost
Fog
Clouds
đš 9. Precipitation
Falling of water from atmosphere to earth
Types:
1. Rain
2. Snow
3. Hail
đš 10. Types of Rainfall
đ§ī¸ (a) Convectional Rainfall
Due to heating of land
Common in equatorial regions
đ (b) Orographic Rainfall
Air rises over mountains â cools â rain
đ Windward side â Rain
đ Leeward side â Rain shadow area
đĒī¸ (c) Cyclonic Rainfall
Due to meeting of warm and cold air masses
đš 11. Seasons (India â Overview)
1. Summer Season
2. Monsoon Season
3. Retreating Monsoon
4. Winter Season
đš 12. Importance of Climate
Affects agriculture đž
Affects vegetation đŗ
Affects lifestyle of people
Affects industries
âī¸ Shoyeb Sir
ICSE CBSE ISC (History Civics Geography Economics
Call: 7003554649