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story of G C MURMU.. Most of santhals people don't know about Him!!!

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that float on a hotter, softer layer in its mantle.Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-oceanic ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, e.g., in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "plate hypothesis" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so-called "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

To bring 2 crore out of school children back into the mainstream through an open schooling system.It will bring the uncovered age group of 3-6 years under school curriculum, which has been recognized globally as the crucial stage for development of mental faculties of a child.It will also have 12 years of schooling with three years of Anganwadi/ pre schooling.Class 10 and 12 board examinations to be made easier, to test core competencies rather than memorised facts, with all students allowed to take the exam twice.Holistic Undergraduate education with a flexible curriculum can be of 3 or 4 years with multiple exit options and appropriate certification within this period.It also aims to increase the public investment in the Education sector to reach 6% of GDP at the earliest.

In this video , you are going to know top ten amazing facts about China . In this video we have collected amazing facts about china that you might or might not know about it.
We already know that China's population is maximum in the world . Being the most populated country , people here are the human resources , they are creative , innovative. China creates millions of smartphones and gadgets . China is a developed and a powerful country. This country has amazing culture and tourist places. Beijing is the capital of China . The developed city which has a number of tallest buildings and neat and clean roads.
To know more about China , Watch this video till the end

In this video you are going to know about the human evolution .
We humans have evolved from apes ( Chimpanzee , Gorilla , Orangutan , Gibbon ) .
1. Dryopithecus lived about 12.5 to 11.1 million years ago . The fossil of Dryopithecus africanus was discovered from the rocks of Africa and Europe.
It was a common ancestor of men and apes . It was more ape - like and was hairy and walked like gorilla and chimpanzee . It was arboreal, knuckle - walker and ate soft fruits and leaves.
2. Ramapithecus survived from late Miocene to Pliocene . It appeared about 12.2 million years ago. Fossils of ramapithecus were discovered by Edward Lewis from Pliocene rocks of Shivalik Hills of India . It was more man - like and was hairy and walked like gorilla and chimpanzee. It's small canines and large molars suggest that ramapithecus ate hard nuts and seeds like modern man .
3. Australopithecus ( First Ape Man ) appeared about 4.18 to 2 million years ago . Raymond Dart discovered the fossil of Australopithecus africanus ( African Ape Man ) from Pliocene rocks near Tuang in Africa . The skull discovered by Dart was of 5 - 6 year old baby so it is also called "Tuang Child" . Australopithecus probably lived in East Africa grassland .
Australopithecus africanus was about 1.5 meters high and had human as well as ape characters. It was with bipedal locomotion , omnivorous diet but ate fruits little erect posture . It had human like teeth but it had more of an ape brain than a human brain . It's brain capacity was about 500 CC similar to that of an ape . Brow ridges projected over the eyes . It did not have chin .
Australopithecus africanus gives rise to Homo habilis .
4. Homo habilis also called able or skillful man /tool maker or " Handy man " . L.S.B Leakey and his wife Mary Leaky discovered the fossils of Homo habilis from Pleistocene rocks in East Africa . It lived in Africa about 2.4 to 1.5 million years ago . It was about 1.2 to 1.5 meters tall. It had bipedal locomotion , moved erect and was omnivorous . It probably did not eat meat . It's brain capacity was between 650 - 800 CC . It was the first tool maker and used tools of chipped stones extensively . It is also called handy man because heaps of tools are found with these fossils included sharpened stones.
5. Homo erectus appeared about 2 million years ago in middle Pleistocene . It was about 1.5 to 1.8 meters tall and its cranial system was about 900 CC.
It had protruding jaws , projecting brow ridges and small canines and large molar teeth . He was omnivorous . It made more elaborate tools of stones and bones , hunted big game and perhaps knew use of fire .
Homo erectus includes three fossils :
a. Java Ape Man
b. Pecking Man
c. Heidelberg Man
6. Java ape man's fossil was discovered by Eugene Dubois from Pleistocene rocks in central Java . Eugene Dubois named it as Pithecanthropus erectus .
Body 1.65 to 1.75 meters tall . Perhaps it was the first prehistoric man to make use of fire for hunting , defence and cooking .
7. Pecking Man's fossil was discovered by W.C. Pei from limestone caves of Choukoutien near Peking and named the sinanthropus . Being about 1.55 to 1.66 meters tall , pecking man slightly shorter and a little lighter and weaker. It has been confirmed that both Java and Pecking men used to live in caves in small groups or tribes .
8. Heidelberg man was found near Heidelberg , Germany . It had lower jaw with all the teeth. The teeth were human like . The massive jaw was ape - like . He used the tools and fire. There is another gap of about 50,000 years in the record of evolution of men .
9. The fossils of Homo neanderthalensis were obtained from Neander Valley Germany from the late Pleistocene Epoch by C. Fuhlrott . Neanderthals walked upright as we do and had low brows receding jaws and high domed heads . They lived in near east and central Asia between 100000 - 40000 years back .
10. Cro - Magnon Man emerged about 34000 years ago in Holocene Epoch . It is regarded as the most recent ancestor of today's man .
It had evevated nose, broad and arched forhead , moderate brow ridges .
It's cranial capacity was 1650 CC . It is believed that Cro Magnon Man was somewhat more intelligent and cultured than the man of today.
11. Homo sapiens appeared about 25000 years ago in Holocene Epoch and started spreading all over the world about 10,000 years ago. It is believed that man of today first appeared in the region around Caspian and Mediterranean seas from there its members migrated all over the world . Agriculture started around 10,000 years back .

PLEASE DO NOT TRY TO COPY THE HANDLING TECHNIQUES !

The Indian cobra (Naja naja), also known as the spectacled cobra, Asian cobra, or binocellate cobra, is a species of the genus Naja found, in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan, and a member of the "big four" species that inflict the most snakebites on humans in India.It is distinct from the king cobra which belongs to the monotypic genus Ophiophagus. The Indian cobra is revered in Indian mythology and culture, and is often seen with snake charmers. It is now protected in India under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972).

The Indian cobra's venom mainly contains a powerful post-synaptic neurotoxin and cardiotoxin.The venom acts on the synaptic gaps of the nerves, thereby paralyzing muscles, and in severe bites leading to respiratory failure or cardiac arrest. The venom components include enzymes such as hyaluronidase that cause lysis and increase the spread of the venom. Envenomation symptoms may manifest between 15 minutes and 2 hours following the bite.

In mice, the SC LD50 range for this species is 0.45 mg/kg– 0.75 mg/kg.The average venom yield per bite is between 169 and 250 mg.Though it is responsible for many bites, only a small percentage are fatal if proper medical treatment and anti-venom are given.Mortality rate for untreated bite victims can vary from case to case, depending upon the quantity of venom delivered by the individual involved. According to one study, it is approximately 20–30%,but in another study involving victims who were given prompt medical treatment, the mortality rate was only 9%. In Bangladesh it's responsible for most of the snake bite cases.

Spectacled cobra with hood lowered in a bamboo shrub
The Indian cobra is one of the big four snakes of South Asia which are responsible for the majority of human deaths by snakebite in Asia. Polyvalent serum is available for treating snakebites caused by these species.[21] Zedoary, a local spice with a reputation for being effective against snakebite,[22] has shown promise in experiments testing its activity against cobra venom.[23]

The venom of young cobras has been used as a substance of abuse in India, with cases of snake charmers being paid for providing bites from their snakes. Though this practice is now seen as outdated, symptoms of such abuse include loss of consciousness, euphoria, and sedation.[24]

As of November 2016, an antivenom is currently being developed by the Costa Rican Clodomiro Picado Institute, and the clinical trial phase is in Sri Lanka

Long before Mangal Pandey fired the shot that started the first war on India Independence , Indian's tribal communities gave their lives in opposing the colonizers . The known instance of an Adivasi rebellion against the British was that of Tilka Manjhi in 1785.
The year 1784 is considered as the first armed rebellion against the British and was the beginning of Paharia. It was due to great famine in 1770 and the consequences of Court of Directors orders influenced by William Pitt the Younger -- Court of Director issued ten year of the settlement of Zamindari and later in 1800 - this resulted in minimum chance to negotiate between local Zamdindars and Santhal villagers. Baba Tilka Majhi attacked Augustus Cleveland, British commissioner [lieutenant], and Rajmahal with a Gulel (a weapon similar to slingshot) who died later. The British surrounded the Tilapore forest from which he operated but he and his men held them at bay for several weeks. When he was finally caught in 1784, he was tied to the tail of a horse and dragged all the way to the collector's residence at Bhagalpur, Bihar, India. There, his lacerated body was hung from a Banyan tree.

In this video you are going to know about India's deadliest snake which is called Common Krait . This snake has many names like Common Krait , Krait , Chiti Saap etc. In this video we have tried to show where this snake resides. Information collected in this video is genuine . What to do, how to do when this snakes bites a person accidentally. You might be knowing about this snake and you must have seen this snake somewhere in your day to day life. This snake is mostly found in India and there are some other countries where this snake is also found like Sri Lanka , Afghanistan , Nepal , Bangladesh .

Johar ge sanam ko ( Santhali greeting ) !!
In this video you are going to know about Solar System in Santhali language.
In this video we have tried to explain about solar system in easiest way with details. In our solar system there are eight planets and sun is the only star of our solar system .
1. Mercury - The smallest and the innermost planet in the solar system.There may be scientific support , based on studies reported in March 2020 , for considering that parts of the planet Mercury may have been habitable and perhaps that life forms may have existed on planet.
2.Venus - This planet is the second brightest natural object in the sky after the moon. Venus can cast shadow and can be, on rare occasion visible to the naked eye in broad daylight.
3. Earth - Only planet where life is possible .
4. Mars - Scientists claim that life could be possible here.There are investigations assessing the past habitability of Mars as well as the possibility of extant life. The atmosphere of Mars composed of 95.97% carbon dioxide, 1.93% argon , 1.89% nitrogen and other gases.
5.Jupiter - The largest planet in our solar system.Mostly the atmosphere of this planet composed of hydrogen , helium and other gases.
6.Saturn - Second largest planet in our solar system after Jupiter . It is a gas giant with an average radius of nine times that of Earth. Saturn has ring
7. Uranus - The composition of this planet is similar to Neptune. It's a gas giant . Uranus' atmosphere is similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium but it contains more ices such as water, ammonia and methane, along with traces of other hydrocarbons. It has a coldest planetary atmosphere in the solar system.
8. Neptune - This planet is the eighth and farthest known planet in the solar system . Gases in this planets are hydrogen (80%) , helium(19%) and other gases.
In our solar system Earth is the only planet in which life is possible here. Earth's atmosphere is suitable for all the living organisms . The composition of atmosphere of earth ( 78.8% Nitrogen , 20.95% Oxygen and other gases ). About 29% of Earth's surface is land and consisting of continents and islands. The remaining 71% is covered with water , mostly by oceans but also lakes , rivers and other fresh water, which all together constitute the hydrosphere .Everything is here for survival on earth like air, water, food etc. On earth there are 7.1 billion people .Earth surface has all types of minerals . Sun is the ultimate source of energy due to this, plants are able to synthesize food which is called photosynthesis .