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Specification for Bituminous Macadam

Grades of concrete acc to IS:456-2007

Dubai Is Now Building A Rotating Skyscraper Where Every Apartment Will Spin Individually! 'How many stars? This 'hotel' will be beyond stars,' the website reads.

LIGHT BASED COMPUTERS WILL RUN AT LEAST 20 TIME'S FASTER THAN YOUR LAPTOP
For the past four decades, the electronics industry has been driven by what is called Moore's Law, which is not a law but more an axiom or observation.

Effectively, it suggests that the electronic devices double in speed and capability about every two years. And indeed, every year tech companies come up with new, faster, smarter and better gadgets.

Specifically, Moore's Law, as articulated by Intel cofounder Gordon Moore, is that "The number of transistors incorporated in a chip will approximately double every 24 months".

Transistors, tiny electrical switches, are the fundamental unit that drives all the electronic gadgets we can think of. As they get smaller, they also get faster and consume less electricity to operate.

In the technology world, one of the biggest questions of the 21st century is: How small can we make transistors?

If there is a limit to how tiny they can get, we might reach a point at which we can no longer continue to make smaller, more powerful, more efficient devices.

It's an industry with more than US$200 billion in annual revenue in the US alone. Might it stop growing?

GETTING CLOSE TO THE LIMIT

At the present, companies like Intel are mass-producing transistors 14 nanometres across – just 14 times wider than DNA molecules.

They're made of silicon, the second-most abundant material on our planet. Silicon's atomic size is about 0.2 nanometres.

Today's transistors are about 70 silicon atoms wide, so the possibility of making them even smaller is itself shrinking.

We're getting very close to the limit of how small we can make a transistor.

At present, transistors use electrical signals – electrons moving from one place to another – to communicate. But if we could use light, made up of photons, instead of electricity, we could make transistors even faster.

My work, on finding ways to integrate light-based processing with existing chips, is part of that nascent effort.

PUTTING LIGHT INSIDE A CHIP

A transistor has three parts; think of them as parts of a digital camera.

First, information comes into the lens, analogous to a transistor's source. Then it travels through a channel from the image sensor to the wires inside the camera.

And lastly, the information is stored on the camera's memory card, which is called a transistor's "drain" – where the information ultimately ends up.

Right now, all of that happens by moving electrons around. To substitute light as the medium, we actually need to move photons instead.

Subatomic particles like electrons and photons travel in a wave motion, vibrating up and down even as they move in one direction. The length of each wave depends on what it's traveling through.

In silicon, the most efficient wavelength for photons is 1.3 micrometres. This is very small – a human hair is around 100 micrometres across.

But electrons in silicon are even smaller – with wavelengths 50 to 1,000 times shorter than photons.

This means the equipment to handle photons needs to be bigger than the electron-handling devices we have today. So it might seem like it would force us to build larger transistors, rather than smaller ones.

However, for two reasons, we could keep chips the same size and deliver more processing power, shrink chips while providing the same power, or, potentially both.

First, a photonic chip needs only a few light sources, generating photons that can then be directed around the chip with very small lenses and mirrors.

And second, light is much faster than electrons. On average photons can travel about 20 times faster than electrons in a chip.

That means computers that are 20 times faster, a speed increase that would take about 15 years to achieve with current technology.

Scientists have demonstrated progress toward photonic chips in recent years. A key challenge is making sure the new light-based chips can work with all the existing electronic chips.

If we're able to figure out how to do it – or even to use light-based transistors to enhance electronic ones – we could see significant performance improvement.

WHEN CAN I GET A LIGHT- BASED LAPTOP OR SMARTPHONE?

We still have some way to go before the first consumer device reaches the market, and progress takes time.

The first transistor was made in the year 1907 using vacuum tubes, which were typically between 1 and 6 inches tall (on average 100 millimetres).

By 1947, the current type of transistor – the one that's now just 14 nanometres across – was invented and it was 40 micrometres long (about 3,000 times longer than the current one).

And in 1971 the first commercial microprocessor (the powerhouse of any electronic gadget) was 1,000 times bigger than today's when it was released.

The vast research efforts and the consequential evolution seen in the electronics industry are only starting in the photonic industry. As a result, current electronics can perform tasks that are far more complex than the best current photonic devices.

But as research proceeds, light's capability will catch up to, and ultimately surpass, electronics' speeds. However long it takes to get there, the future of photonics is bright.

THIS ARTICLE WAS ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED ON THE CONVERSATION.

Retaining Wall - Types, Design, Mode of failure of retaining wall Retaining wall is used for supporting soil laterally. Learn types, principles of design & mode of failures of retaining wall along with illustrated diagram.

COFFER DAM...

Coffer Dam - Types of Cofferdam designs A cofferdam is a temporary structure built to enclose an area for excavation of foundation. Coffer dams are designed & placed when the size of excavation is very large and sheeting and bracing system becomes difficult or uneconomical.

TYPES OF WALLS...
What are the different types of walls used in building constructions and/or other various engineering practices. Apart from building walls, I know few types such as retaining wall which is applied in various places including but not limited to the landslide-prone areas. Can someone here name all other types of walls that are used in general or engineering practices?

Ans >Basically there can be two types of walls in terms of structural point of view:

Load bearing wall: These kind of walls bear the load of the structure.
Non-load bearing wall: These kind of walls don’t bear any structural weight other than its own weight. These wall acts as only the partition wall to separate spaces within the structure.
Load bearing walls can also be classified as:

Precast Concrete Wall
Retaining Wall
Masonry Wall
Pre-panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls
Engineering Brick Wall
Stone Wall
Some of the types of non-load bearing walls are:

Hollow Concrete Block
Facade Bricks
Hollow Bricks
Brick Wall

Engineer is someone who does precision guess work on unreliable data provided by those questionable knowledge