Physics by D.K.Bhuriya

Conservation of Angular Momentum.

DIELECTRICS

A dielectric is a material that does not allow electric current to flow through it easily (i.e., it is an insulator).

However, when it is placed in an electric field, the charges inside it shift slightly, causing polarization.

This ability of dielectrics to get polarized helps them store electrical energy, especially in devices like capacitors.

In simple words:
Conductors pass current, but dielectrics store energy.

KEY PROPERTIES & FUNCTIONS

1. Polarization

When an external electric field is applied:

Positive charges shift slightly towards the field direction,

Negative charges shift opposite to it.
This separation of charges creates internal electric fields inside the material.

2. Insulation

Dielectrics do not allow free electrons to move, so current cannot flow through them.
Hence, they act as excellent insulators.

3. Energy Storage

In a capacitor, a dielectric is placed between two metal plates.
This:

Increases the capacity to store charge,

Prevents sparking between the plates,

Increases efficiency of the device.

4. Dielectric Constant (K)

This constant tells how good a dielectric is at storing energy.

High → Stores more electrical energy

Example: Water has a very high dielectric constant.

5. Dielectric Breakdown

If the applied electric field becomes too large, the dielectric can no longer hold the separated charges.
It suddenly becomes a conductor, leading to sparking or failure of the device.

EXAMPLES OF DIELECTRICS

State Examples Use / Note

Solids Glass, Plastic, Ceramic Used in capacitors and insulators

Liquids Distilled Water, Transformer Oil Used for cooling and insulation

Gases Dry Air, SF₆ Gas Used in high-voltage equipment

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Your Answer is.......

Q. The universal property of all substances is:

1. Diamagnetism

2. Paramagnetism

3. None

4. Ferromagnetism

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MCQ 1: Classical Mechanics

Statements:

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2. A fictitious force appears only in inertial frames.

3. The centrifugal force experienced in a rotating frame is a type of pseudo (fictitious) force.

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C. 1 and 2 only
D. All of the above

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Topic - Moving charge

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