Delima School

Happy Easter Day! May the miracle of Easter bring you renewed hope and faith!

Dwifungsi ABRI Orde Baru

Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (ABRI) adalah lembaga militer dan kepolisian gabungan di Indonesia yang beroperasi dari tahun 1960-an hingga 1999. ABRI mencakup empat matra: Darat, Laut, Udara, dan Kepolisian. Pada masa Orde Baru, ABRI menerapkan Dwifungsi, berperan dalam keamanan dan politik.

Dwifungsi ABRI adalah konsep peran ganda militer di Indonesia yang memberikan kewenangan kepada Tentara Nasional Indonesia (dahulu ABRI) untuk berperan tidak hanya dalam pertahanan dan keamanan, tetapi juga dalam bidang sosial-politik. Konsep ini telah menjadi bagian penting dari sejarah militer Indonesia, mengalami pasang surut, dan menjadi topik kontroversial dalam berbagai periode pemerintahan.

Dwifungsi ABRI muncul dengan alasan menjaga stabilitas nasional pasca peristiwa Gerakan 30 September 1965. Pemerintah Orde Baru menilai bahwa stabilitas politik dan keamanan sangat penting untuk mendukung pembangunan nasional. Oleh karena itu, ABRI diberi peran ganda: sebagai alat pertahanan keamanan dan sebagai kekuatan sosial-politik. Dalam praktiknya, ABRI tidak hanya bertugas menjaga keamanan negara, tetapi juga terlibat langsung dalam pengambilan kebijakan politik dan pemerintahan. Dalam bidang politik, Dwifungsi ABRI terlihat dari keterlibatan militer dalam lembaga legislatif dan eksekutif. ABRI memiliki jatah kursi di DPR dan MPR tanpa melalui pemilihan umum. Selain itu, banyak perwira militer aktif yang menduduki jabatan penting, seperti gubernur, bupati, wali kota, hingga menteri. Hal ini membuat peran sipil dalam pemerintahan menjadi terbatas dan dominasi militer semakin kuat. Hal ini mengakibatkan terpinggirnya demokrasi, minimnya kontrol sipil, pelanggaran HAM, dan penyalahgunaan militer untuk melanggengkan kekuasaan rezim. Konsep ini membatasi partisipasi politik sipil.

Dampak Dwifungsi ABRI menimbulkan pro dan kontra. Di satu sisi, konsep ini dianggap berhasil menciptakan stabilitas politik dan keamanan yang mendukung pembangunan ekonomi di masa orde baru. Namun di lain sisi, Dwifungsi ABRI dinilai menghambat demokrasi, membatasi kebebasan berpolitik. Kritik terhadap konsep ini semakin menguat menjelang runtuhnya Orde Baru pada tahun 1998. Setelah reformasi, Dwifungsi ABRI secara resmi dihapus. ABRI dipisah menjadi TNI dan Polri, dan TNI difokuskan kembali pada tugas pertahanan negara.

Sumber; Wikipedia, kompas.com, dan sumber lainnya

Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun (PELITA)

Pelita (Pembangunan Lima Tahun) was a national development planning system implemented during the New Order era under President Soeharto. The program was designed to provide clear direction for Indonesia’s economic, social, and political development through structured five-year stages. Pelita emphasized stability as the foundation of development, with the belief that economic growth would lead to improved living standards and national unity.

Pelita I (1969–1974) focused on restoring economic stability after years of political and economic uncertainty. The government concentrated on controlling inflation, rehabilitating damaged infrastructure, and increasing agricultural productivity. Major attention was given to food production, irrigation systems, transportation networks, and rural development to ensure that basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter could be met.

Pelita II (1974–1979) aimed to accelerate economic growth while promoting more equitable distribution of development benefits. The government continued to strengthen agriculture but also expanded industrial activities, particularly industries related to natural resources. Infrastructure development increased, and efforts were made to reduce poverty and unemployment through job creation.

Pelita III (1979–1984) marked a shift toward economic diversification. As Indonesia sought to reduce its dependence on oil and gas revenues, the government promoted non-oil exports and manufacturing industries. This phase encouraged industrial expansion, improved trade performance, and strengthened the role of the private sector in economic development.

Pelita IV (1984–1989) emphasized self-reliance and efficiency, especially in the agricultural sector. One of its most notable achievements was Indonesia’s success in achieving rice self-sufficiency. Export growth, industrial competitiveness, and employment expansion were also important priorities during this phase, helping to stabilize the national economy.

Pelita V (1989–1994) focused on advancing industrialization and improving the quality of human resources. Education, vocational training, and technological development were prioritized to prepare the workforce for more complex industrial and economic activities. The government also encouraged investment and modernization across various sectors.

Pelita VI (1994–1998) was designed to prepare Indonesia to compete in an increasingly globalized economy. The focus was on strengthening industry, finance, and human resources. However, this phase was severely disrupted by the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, which caused economic collapse, social unrest, and ultimately led to the end of the New Order era.

In my opinion, Pelita was a good development program because it helped Indonesia grow in an organized way. It improved agriculture, infrastructure, and the economy, and it helped people meet their basic needs. One of its successes was achieving rice self-sufficiency. However, Pelita also had weaknesses, such as uneven development between regions and limited public involvement during the New Order era under President Soeharto.

In conclusion, Pelita was an important part of Indonesia’s development history. Although it had both strengths and weaknesses, Pelita showed that clear planning is important for national development and future progress.

(by Brandon grade XII 2025/2026)