Student Snake

Ular sulfur ketika kita membicarakan tentang ular ini pasti bertanya adakah ular sulfur yang wc atau galak jawaban adalah ada contohnya cobra sulfur atau cobra sumatra dll....thanks

http://jadiberita.com/24133/penampakan-ular-raksasa-33-meter-di-kalimantan.html

Penampakan Ular Raksasa 33 Meter di Kalimantan — jadiBerita.com Baru-baru ini, muncul sebuah foto udara yang membuat heboh Malaysia. Seekor ular raksasa berenang di Sungai Baleh, Sibu, Serawak, bagian utara Kalimantan yang masuk wilayah Malaysia. Hiii… Sebuah foto ular raksasa terlihat berenang melenggak-lenggok di sebuah sungai tropis yang dikelilingi oleh huta…

This article is about snakes. For other uses, see Anaconda (disambiguation).
Green anaconda

An anaconda is a large snake found in tropical South America. Although the name applies to a group of snakes, it is often used to refer only to one species in particular, the common or green anaconda, Eunectes murinus, which is the largest snake in the world by weight, and the second longest.Anaconda may refer to:

Any member of the genus Eunectes, a group of large, aquatic snakes found in South America
Eunectes murinus, the green anaconda, the largest species, is found east of the Andes in Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and Trinidad and Tobago.
Eunectes notaeus, the yellow anaconda, a small species, is found in eastern Bolivia, southern Brazil, Paraguay and northeastern Argentina.
Eunectes deschauenseei, the darkly-spotted anaconda, is a rare species found in northeastern Brazil and coastal French Guiana.
Eunectes beniensis, the Bolivian anaconda, the most recently defined species, is found in the Departments of Beni and Pando in Bolivia.
The giant anaconda is a mythical snake of enormous proportions said to be found in South America.
Any large snake that "constricts" its prey (see Constriction), if applied loosely, was called anaconda,[1] though this usage is now archaic.
The South American names anacauchoa and anacaona were suggested in an account by Peter Martyr d'Anghiera but the idea of a South American origin was questioned by Henry Walter Bates who, in his travels in South America, failed to find any similar name in use. The word anaconda is derived from the name of a snake from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) that John Ray described in Latin in his Synopsis Methodica Animalium (1693) as serpens indicus bubalinus anacandaia zeylonibus, ides bubalorum aliorumque jumentorum membra conterens.[2] Ray used a catalogue of snakes from the Leyden museum supplied by Dr. Tancred Robinson, but the description of its habit was based on Andreas Cleyer who in 1684 described a gigantic snake that crushed large animals by coiling and crushing their bones.[3] Henry Yule in his Hobson-Jobson notes that the word became more popular due to a piece of fiction published in 1768 in the Scots Magazine by a certain R. Edwin. Edwin described a tiger being crushed and killed by an anaconda when in fact tigers never occurred in Sri Lanka. Yule and Frank Wall noted that the snake was in fact a python and suggested a Tamil origin anai-kondra meaning elephant killer.[4] A Sinhalese origin was also suggested by Donald Ferguson who pointed out that the word Henakandaya (hena lightning/large and kanda stem/trunk) was used in Sri Lanka for the small whip snake (Ahaetulla pulverulenta)[5] and somehow got misapplied to the python before myths were created.[6][7][8]

The name commonly used for the anaconda in Brazil is sucuri, sucuriju or sucuriuba.[9]Artikel ini adalah tentang ular. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Anaconda (disambiguasi).
anaconda hijau

Anaconda adalah ular besar yang ditemukan di daerah tropis Amerika Selatan. Meskipun nama berlaku untuk sekelompok ular, sering digunakan untuk merujuk hanya untuk satu spesies khususnya, anaconda umum atau hijau, Eunectes murinus, yang merupakan ular terbesar di dunia dengan berat badan, dan longest.Anaconda kedua mungkin mengacu pada:

Setiap anggota Eunectes genus, sekelompok besar, ular air ditemukan di Amerika Selatan
Eunectes murinus, anaconda hijau, spesies terbesar, ditemukan di sebelah timur Andes di Kolombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Ekuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil dan Trinidad dan Tobago.
Eunectes notaeus, anaconda kuning, spesies kecil, ditemukan di bagian timur Bolivia, Brazil selatan, Paraguay dan timur laut Argentina.
Eunectes deschauenseei, anaconda gelap-bintik, adalah spesies langka yang ditemukan di timur laut Brasil dan pesisir Guyana Prancis.
Eunectes beniensis, anaconda Bolivia, spesies yang paling baru didefinisikan, ditemukan di Departemen Beni dan Pando di Bolivia.
Anaconda raksasa ular mitos proporsi yang sangat besar dikatakan ditemukan di Amerika Selatan.
Ular besar yang "menyempitkan" mangsanya (lihat Penyempitan), jika diterapkan secara longgar, disebut anaconda, [1] meskipun penggunaan ini sekarang kuno.
Nama-nama Amerika Selatan anacauchoa dan Anacaona yang disarankan dalam akun oleh Peter Martyr d'Anghiera tetapi gagasan tentang asal Amerika Selatan itu dipertanyakan oleh Henry Walter Bates yang, dalam perjalanannya di Amerika Selatan, gagal menemukan nama yang sama digunakan. Kata anaconda berasal dari nama ular dari Ceylon (Sri Lanka) yang John Ray dijelaskan dalam bahasa Latin dalam bukunya Synopsis Methodica Animalium (1693) sebagai serpens indicus bubalinus zeylonibus anacandaia, IDE bubalorum aliorumque jumentorum membra conterens. [2] Ray digunakan katalog ular dari museum Leiden disediakan oleh Dr. Tancred Robinson, tapi deskripsi kebiasaan yang didasarkan pada Andreas Cleyer yang pada 1684 menggambarkan seekor ular raksasa yang hancur hewan besar dengan melingkar dan menghancurkan tulang-tulang mereka. [3] Henry Yule di nya Hobson-Jobson mencatat bahwa kata menjadi lebih populer karena sepotong fiksi yang diterbitkan pada 1768 di Majalah Skotlandia oleh R. Edwin tertentu. Edwin dijelaskan harimau yang hancur dan dibunuh oleh anaconda padahal sebenarnya harimau tidak pernah terjadi di Sri Lanka. Yule dan Frank Dinding mencatat bahwa ular sebenarnya python dan menyarankan Tamil asal anai-kondra berarti pembunuh gajah. [4] Sebuah asal Sinhala juga disarankan oleh Donald Ferguson yang menunjukkan bahwa kata Henakandaya (hena petir / besar dan kanda batang / batang) digunakan di Sri Lanka untuk ular cambuk kecil (Ahaetulla pulverulenta) [5] dan entah bagaimana disalahgunakan untuk python sebelum mitos diciptakan. [6] [7] [8]

Nama yang umum digunakan untuk anaconda di Brazil adalah Sucuri, sucuriju atau sucuriuba. [9]

The black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) is a venomous snake Endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. It takes its common name not from the colour of its scales, but from the interior of its mouth, which is inky-black. It is the longest species of venomous snake on the African continent, with a length typically ranging from 2 meters (6.6 ft) to 3 meters (9.8 ft) and up to 4.3 to 4.5 meters (14.1 to 14.8 ft). It is among the fastest-moving snakes in the world, capable of moving at 11 km/h (6.8 mph) over short distances.

Black mambas breed annually and mating occurs in the early spring. Females lay eggs which gestate over 80 to 90 days before hatching. Juvenile black mambas are lighter in colour than adults and darken with age. Although mambas are typically tree-dwelling snakes, the black mamba is only occasionally arboreal, preferring to build lairs in terrestrial habitats. The black mamba is found across a range of terrain from savannah, woodlands, rocky slopes and dense forests. It is diurnal and chiefly an ambush predator, known to prey on hyrax, bushbabies and other small mammals. Adult black mambas have few predators in the wild.

The venom of the black mamba is highly toxic, potentially causing collapse in humans within 45 minutes or less from a single bite. Without effective antivenom therapy, death typically occurs in 7–15 hours. The venom is chiefly composed of neurotoxins, specifically dendrotoxin. The black mamba is capable of striking at considerable range and occasionally may deliver a series of bites in rapid succession. Despite its reputation for being highly aggressive, like most snakes, it usually attempts to flee from humans unless threatened or cornered.The black mamba is classified under the genus Dendroaspis of the family Elapidae and the species D. polylepis. The black mamba was first described in 1864 by Albert Günther, a German-born British zoologist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist.[2][3] In 1873, Wilhelm Peters described two subspecies: the nominotypical D.polylepis polylepis and also D.polylepis antinorii.[3] However, these are no longer held to be distinct.[2] In 1896, Boulenger combined the species (Dendroaspis polylepis) as a whole with the eastern green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps) and they were considered a single species from 1896[4] until 1946, when FitzSimons split them into separate species again.[5][6]

The generic name, Dendroaspis, is derived from Ancient Greek Dendro, which means "tree",[7] and aspis or "asp", which is understood to mean "shield",[8] but also denotes "cobra" or simply "snake". In ancient texts, aspis or asp was often used to refer to the Egyptian cobra (Naja haje), in reference to its shield-like hood.[9] Thus, "Dendroaspis" literally means tree snake, which refers to the arboreal nature of most of the species within the genus. The specific name polylepis is derived from the Ancient Greek poly meaning "many" or "multiple" and lepis meaning "scale" giving the literal meaning "many scaled".[10] Most likely in reference to the size and higher scale count of this species compared to other species in the genus.Contrary to its common name, the black mamba is not actually black.[5][11] It takes its name from the interior of the snake's mouth, which is inky-black in colour.[5] It is a large, round-bodied, slender snake, with a progressively tapering tail, and is of markedly stockier build than its close relatives Dendroaspis angusticeps and Dendroaspis viridis.[11] The head is often said to be "coffin-shaped" with a somewhat pronounced brow ridge and a medium-sized eye.[12] The black mamba's skin colouration can vary between olive-brown to grey hues, or sometimes khaki and some individuals may display dark mottling towards the posterior that may form oblique bars.[11] The underbody is often pale yellow or cream coloured and the eyes are dark brown to black with a silver or pale yellow corona surrounding the pupil.[13] Juvenile snakes are lighter in colour than adults, typically grey or olive green in appearance and darken with age. It is a proteroglyphous snake, with fangs up to 6.5 millimeters (0.26 in) in length[14] located at the front of the maxilla.[11] The adult snake's length ranges from 2 meters (6.6 ft) to 3 meters (9.8 ft) routinely[11] but, according to some sources, specimens have reached lengths of 4.3 to 4.5 meters (14.1 to 14.8 ft).[5][11] Black mambas weigh about 1.6 kilograms (3.5 lb)[15][16] on average. A specimen of 1.41 meters (4.6 ft) was found to have weighed 651.7 g (1.437 lb).[17] The species is the second longest venomous snake in the world, exceeded in lScalation

Like most elapids the black mamba is a smooth scaled snake. Most specimens feature 23–25 rows of scales, rarely this may be as few as 21.[18]

The head, body and tail scalation of the black mamba:[18]

Dorsal at midbody: 23–25 (rarely 21)
Ventral: 248–281
Subcaudal: 109–132 (paired)
A**l plate: Divided
Upper labials: 7-8



Upper labials to eye: 4th (3rd and 4th)
Preoculars: 3 (occasionally 4)
Postoculars: 3-4 (occasionally 2–5)
Lower labials: 11-13 (occasionally 10–14)
Temporal: 2+3 (variable)
ength only by the king cobra of India and Southeast Asia.[11]The black mamba occurs across a wide and occasionally fragmented range of sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, the black mamba's range has been observed as: north east Democratic Republic of the Congo, south western Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Kenya, eastern Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, southwards to Mozambique, Swaziland, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana to KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, and Namibia; then north easterly through Angola to south eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.[14][19] The black mamba's distribution contains gaps within the Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria and Mali. These gaps may lead physicians to misidentify the black mamba and administer an ineffective antivenom.[19]

The black mamba was also recorded in 1954 in West Africa, in the Dakar region of Senegal.[19] However, this observation, and a subsequent observation that identified a second specimen in the region in 1956, has not been confirmed and thus the snake's distribution in this area is inconclusive.[19] The black mamba is not commonly found at altitudes above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), although the distribution of black mamba does reach 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) in Kenya and 1,650 metres (5,410 ft) in Zambia.[19]

The black mamba is primarily terrestrial in nature, although it has been observed to be occasionally arboreal;[20] typically inhabiting neglected areas of scrub, termite mounds, abandoned burrows and rock crevices.[18] It has adapted to a variety of terrain ranging from savannah and woodlands to rocky slopes and dense forests.[19] The black mamba prefers more arid environments such as light woodland and scrub, rocky outcrops, and semi-arid dry savannah.[19]The black mamba is a graceful but skittish and often unpredictable snake, capable of moving quickly and with great agility.[14][18] It is shy and secretive by nature and, like most snakes, will try to avoid danger where it can.[18] In the wild, a black mamba will seldom allow a close approach (within 40 meters).[18] When confronted it can display great truculence and will gape, in mimicry of a cobra, by spreading its neck-flap, exposing its black mouth and flicking its tongue.[14][18] Sometimes this behaviour may be accompanied by audible hissing.[15] Any sudden movement at this stage may provoke the mamba into a series of rapid strikes leading to severe envenomation.[18] Also, due to its size, the black mamba is able to raise its head well off the ground and in striking may be able to throw as much as 40% of its body upwards.[14][21] This allows for considerable striking range, including humans at chest height.[18] The black mamba's reputed readiness to attack is often much exaggerated and is typically the result of an interference in its movements, whether intentional or not.[14]The black mamba is the fastest moving snake found in Africa, and one of the fastest moving snakes in the world—perhaps the fastest.[22][23][24] There have been many exaggerated stories concerning the black mamba's speed of movement across the ground,[25] and the elongated slender body can create the impression that it is moving faster than it really is.[26] These stories include the myth that it can outrun a galloping horse or a running human. On 23 April 1906, on the Serengeti Plains, an intentionally provoked and angry black mamba was recorded at a speed of 11 km/h (6.8 mph), over a distance of 43 m (141 ft).[27][28][29] A black mamba would almost certainly not be able to exceed 16 km/h (9.9 mph),[25][26] and it can only maintain such relatively high speeds for short distances.[26]The black mamba is diurnal and chiefly an ambush predator. Hunting is usually conducted from a permanent lair, which it will regularly return to providing it is not disturbed.[14] When hunting, it has been known to raise a large portion of its body off the ground.[14] The black mamba does not typically hold onto prey after biting, instead releasing its quarry and waiting for it to succumb to paralysis and die.[13] If prey attempts to escape or defend itself, the black mamba will often follow up its initial bite with a rapid series of strikes to incapacitate and quickly kill its prey.[18] The snake has been known to prey on hyrax and rock hyrax, bushbabies, and bats.[5] The black mamba has a potent digestive system and has been observed to fully digest prey within eight to ten hours.[14]
Not many predators challenge an adult black mamba although it does face a few threats such as birds of prey, particularly snake eagles.[30] Although all species of snake eagle commonly prey on snakes, there are two species in particular that do so with high frequency, including preying on black mambas. These are the black-chested snake eagle (Circaetus pectoralis) and the brown snake eagle (Circaetus cinereus). The Cape file snake (Mehelya capensis), which is apparently immune to all African snake venoms and preys on other snakes including venomous ones, is a common predator of black mambas (up to a size it can swallow).[5][31][32] Mongooses which are also partially immune to venom, and are often quick enough to evade a bite, will sometimes tackle a black mamba for prey.[33] Humans do not usually consume black mambas, but they often kill them out of fear.[34]Black mambas breed annually and mating occurs in the early spring, with male mambas locating a female by following her scent trail. After finding a potential mate the male will inspect the female by flicking his tongue over her entire body.[14] Males possess hemipenes. Like most snakes female mambas are both oviparous and iteroparous.[14] Egg-laying typically occurs during the middle of summer and egg clutches range from 6 to 17 eggs, with gestation occurring over approximately 80 to 90 days.[14] During the mating season rival males may engage in combat that involves twisting their bodies around each other and raising their heads high off the ground, in a bid to subdue their opponent. This may sometimes be mistaken for mating.[35]

Black mambas are solitary in nature and do not interact beyond mating and male-to-male combat. Following incubation, juvenile mambas break though the egg shell with an egg tooth and are born with fully developed venom glands. Thus, they are capable of inflicting a potentially lethal bite minutes after birth. The egg yolk is absorbed into the juvenile snake's body as a source of nourishment that sustains the young snake following birth.[14]
Lifespan

There is little information available concerning the lifespan of wild black mambas, but the longest surviving captive example had a recorded lifespan of 11 years.[14][15] It is possible that wild snakes may live significantly longer than this.[14]The black mamba's venom is composed of neurotoxins (dendrotoxin) and cardiotoxins as well as other toxins such as fasciculins.[14][30][36] In an experiment, the most abundant toxin found in black mamba venom was observed to be able to kill a mouse in as little as 4.5 minutes.[37] Based on the murine median lethal dose (LD50) values, the black mamba's toxicity from all published sources is as follows:

(SC) subcutaneous (most applicable to real bites): 0.32 mg/kg,[35][38][39][40] 0.28 mg/kg.[35][41]
(IV) intravenous: 0.25 mg/kg,[38][39] 0.011 mg/kg.[42]
(IP) intraperitoneal: 0.30 mg/kg (average),[43] 0.941 mg/kg.[38] 0.05 mg/kg[44] (the last quote doesn't make it clear if is either intravenous or intraperitoneal).

Its bites can deliver about 100–120 mg of venom on average and the maximum dose recorded is 400 mg.[30] It is reported that before antivenom was widely available, the mortality rate from a bite was nearly 100%.[15] The bite of a black mamba can potentially cause collapse in humans within 45 minutes, or less.[45] Without effective antivenom therapy, death typically occurs in 7–15 hours.[30] Presently, there is a polyvalent antivenom produced by the South African Institute for Medical Research to treat black mamba bites from many localities.[46]

A bite from a black mamba causes initial neurological and neuromuscular symptoms which may commonly include headache and a metallic taste in the mouth, which may be accompanied by a triad of paresthesias, profuse perspiration and salivation.[47] Other symptoms may include ptosis and gradual bulbar palsy.[47] Localised pain or numbness around the bite site is common but not typically severe;[48] therefore, application of a tourniquet proximal to the bite site is feasible and may assist in slowing the onset of prominent neurotoxicity.[47] Without appropriate treatment, symptoms typically progress to more severe reactions such as tachydysrhythmias and neurogenic shock, leading to death by asphyxiation, cardiovascular collapse, or respiratory failure.The black mamba is popularly regarded as the most dangerous and feared snake in Africa;[37] to South African locals the black mamba's bite is known as the "kiss of death".[49] However, attacks on humans by black mambas are rare, as they usually try to avoid confrontation, and their occurrence in highly populated areas is not very common compared with some other species.[50] Additionally, the ocellated carpet viper is responsible for more human fatalities due to snakebite than all other African species combined.[41] A survey of snakebites in South Africa from 1957 to 1963 recorded over 900 venomous snakebites, but only seven of these were confirmed black mamba bites, at a time when effective antivenom was not widely available. Out of more than 900 bites, only 21 ended in fatalities, including all seven black mamba bites.[51]
Reported bite cases

In 1998, Danie Pienaar, now head of South African National Parks Scientific Services,[52] survived the bite of a black mamba without antivenom. Although no antivenom was administered, Pienaar was in serious condition, despite the fact the hospital physicians declared it a "moderate" black mamba envenomation. At one point, Pienaar lapsed into a coma and his prognosis was declared "poor". Upon arrival at hospital Pienaar was immediately intubated, given supportive drug therapy, put on mechanical ventilation and was placed on life support for three days, until the toxins were flushed out of his system. He was released from hospital on the fifth day. Pienaar believes he survived for a number of reasons. In an article in Kruger Park Times he said: "Firstly, it was not my time to go." The article went on to state, "The fact that he stayed calmed and moved slowly definitely helped. The tourniquet was also essential."[53]

In another case, 28-year-old British student Nathan Layton was bitten by a black mamba and died of a heart attack in less than an hour in March 2008. The black mamba had been found near a classroom at the Southern African Wildlife College in Hoedspruit, where Layton was training to be a safari guide. Layton was bitten by the snake on his index finger while it was being put into a jar, but he didn't realize he'd been bitten. He thought the snake had only brushed his hand. Approximately 30 minutes after being bitten Layton complained of blurred vision. He collapsed and died of a heart attack, nearly an hour after being bitten. Attempts to revive him failed, and he was pronounced dead at the scene.[54][55]

In 2013, in a rare case of survival without treatment, American professional photographer Mark Laita was bitten on the leg by a black mamba during a photo-shoot of a black mamba at a facility in Central America. The bite ruptured an artery in his calf, and he was gushing blood profusely. Laita did not go to the doctor or the hospital, and except for the swollen fang marks giving him intense pain during the night, he was not affected and was fine physically. This led him to believe that the snake either gave him a "dry bite" (meaning without injecting venom) or that the heavy bleeding pushed the venom out. Some commenters to the story suggested that it was a venomoid snake (in which the venom glands are surgically removed). Laita responded that it was not the case. Only later, Laita found that he had captured the snake biting his leg in a photograph.The mamba hitam secara populer dianggap sebagai ular paling berbahaya dan ditakuti di Afrika;. [37] untuk penduduk setempat Afrika Selatan gigitan mamba hitam dikenal sebagai "ciuman kematian" [49] Namun, serangan terhadap manusia oleh mamba hitam yang langka , karena mereka biasanya mencoba untuk menghindari konfrontasi, dan kejadian mereka di wilayah padat penduduk ini tidak terlalu umum dibandingkan dengan beberapa spesies lainnya. [50] selain itu, karpet viper Ocellated bertanggung jawab atas kematian lebih manusiawi karena gigitan ular dari semua spesies Afrika lainnya digabungkan . [41] sebuah survei gigitan ular di Afrika Selatan 1957-1963 tercatat lebih dari 900 gigitan ular berbisa, tetapi hanya tujuh dari mereka dikonfirmasi gigitan mamba hitam, pada saat antivenom efektif tidak tersedia secara luas. Dari lebih dari 900 gigitan, hanya 21 berakhir pada kematian, termasuk semua tujuh gigitan mamba hitam. [51]
Dilaporkan kasus gigitan
Pada tahun 1998, Danie Pienaar, sekarang kepala Selatan Taman Nasional Jasa Ilmiah Afrika, [52] selamat gigitan mamba hitam tanpa antivenom. Meskipun tidak ada antivenom diberikan, Pienaar berada dalam kondisi serius, meskipun fakta dokter rumah sakit menyatakan "moderat" hitam mamba envenomation. Pada satu titik, Pienaar jatuh koma dan prognosis nya dinyatakan "miskin". Setelah tiba di rumah sakit Pienaar segera diintubasi, diberi terapi obat yang mendukung, menempatkan pada ventilasi mekanik dan ditempatkan pada dukungan hidup selama tiga hari, sampai racun yang memerah keluar dari sistem. Ia dibebaskan dari rumah sakit pada hari kelima. Pienaar percaya bahwa dia selamat untuk sejumlah alasan. Dalam sebuah artikel di Kruger Park Times, ia berkata: "Pertama, itu bukan waktu saya untuk pergi." Artikel itu kepada negara, "Fakta bahwa dia tinggal tenang dan pindah perlahan pasti membantu. tourniquet itu juga penting." [53]
Dalam kasus lain, mahasiswa Inggris 28 tahun Nathan Layton digigit oleh mamba hitam dan meninggal karena serangan jantung dalam waktu kurang dari satu jam pada Maret 2008. mamba hitam telah ditemukan di dekat ruang kelas di Southern Wildlife Tinggi Afrika di Hoedspruit, di mana Layton melatih untuk menjadi panduan safari. Layton digigit oleh ular di jari telunjuknya sementara itu dimasukkan ke dalam botol, tapi dia tidak menyadari dia telah digigit. Dia berpikir ular itu hanya menggosok tangannya. Sekitar 30 menit setelah digigit Layton mengeluh penglihatan kabur. Ia pingsan dan meninggal karena serangan jantung, hampir satu jam setelah digigit. Upaya untuk menghidupkan kembali dia gagal, dan ia dinyatakan meninggal di tempat kejadian. [54] [55]
Pada tahun 2013, dalam kasus yang jarang terjadi untuk bertahan hidup tanpa pengobatan, fotografer profesional Amerika Mark laita digigit di kaki oleh mamba hitam selama pemotretan dari mamba hitam di fasilitas di Amerika Tengah. gigitan pecah arteri di betisnya, dan ia tercurah darah deras. Laita tidak pergi ke dokter atau rumah sakit, dan kecuali untuk fang tanda bengkak memberinya rasa sakit pada malam hari, ia tidak terpengaruh dan baik-baik saja secara fisik. Hal ini menyebabkan dia percaya bahwa ular baik memberinya "gigitan kering" (yang berarti tanpa suntik racun) atau bahwa perdarahan berat mendorong racun keluar. Beberapa komentator cerita menyarankan bahwa itu adalah ular venomoid (di mana kelenjar racun pembedahan). Laita menjawab bahwa itu tidak terjadi. Baru kemudian, laita menemukan bahwa ia telah menangkap ular menggigit kakinya dalam sebuah foto.

Ular jagung (Pantherophis guttatus) adalah spesies Amerika Utara ular tikus yang menundukkan mangsa kecil oleh penyempitan. [4] Hal ini ditemukan di seluruh bagian tenggara dan tengah Amerika Serikat. Sifat jinak mereka, keengganan untuk menggigit, ukuran moderat dewasa, pola yang menarik, dan relatif perawatan sederhana membuat mereka ular peliharaan populer. Meskipun dangkal menyerupai copperhead berbisa dan sering dibunuh sebagai akibat dari kesalahan identitas ini, ular jagung tidak berbahaya dan bermanfaat bagi manusia. [5] ular jagung kekurangan racun dan membantu mengendalikan populasi hama pengerat liar yang merusak tanaman dan menyebarkan penyakit. [6 ]

Ular jagung adalah nama untuk kehadiran rutin spesies 'dekat toko gandum, di mana ia memangsa tikus dan tikus yang makan dipanen jagung. [7] The Oxford English Dictionary mengutip penggunaan ini sejauh 1675. Beberapa sumber mempertahankan bahwa ular jagung adalah dinamakan demikian karena khas, pola hampir-kotak sisik perut ular menyerupai biji jagung beraneka ragam. [8] [9] Terlepas dari asal nama itu, referensi jagung dapat menjadi mnemonik berguna untuk mengidentifikasi snakes.Adult jagung ular jagung memiliki panjang tubuh 61-182 cm (2,00-5,97 ft). [10] di alam liar, mereka biasanya tinggal di sekitar 6-8 tahun, tetapi di penangkaran dapat hidup sampai usia 23 tahun atau lebih. [11 ] mereka dapat dibedakan dari ular Copperhead oleh warna cerah mereka, membangun ramping dan kurangnya lubang panas-sensing. [12] ular dewasa jagung memiliki panjang tubuh 61-182 cm (2,00-5,97 ft). [10] dalam liar, mereka biasanya tinggal di sekitar 6-8 tahun, tetapi di penangkaran dapat hidup sampai usia 23 tahun atau lebih. [11] mereka dapat dibedakan dari ular Copperhead oleh warna cerah mereka, membangun ramping dan kurangnya lubang panas-sensing. [12] ular dewasa jagung memiliki panjang tubuh 61-182 cm (2,00-5,97 ft). [10] di alam liar, mereka biasanya tinggal di sekitar 6-8 tahun, tetapi di penangkaran dapat hidup sampai usia 23 tahun atau lagi. [11] mereka dapat dibedakan dari ular Copperhead oleh warna cerah mereka, membangun ramping dan kurangnya lubang panas-sensing. [12] ular dewasa jagung memiliki panjang tubuh 61-182 cm (2,00-5,97 ft). [ 10] di alam liar, mereka biasanya tinggal di sekitar 6-8 tahun, tetapi di penangkaran dapat hidup sampai usia 23 tahun atau lebih. [11] mereka dapat dibedakan dari ular Copperhead oleh warna cerah mereka, membangun ramping dan kurangnya panas -sensing lubang. [12] ular dewasa jagung memiliki panjang tubuh 61-182 cm (2,00-5,97 ft). [10] di alam liar, mereka biasanya tinggal di sekitar 6-8 tahun, tetapi di penangkaran dapat hidup sampai usia dari 23 tahun atau lebih. [11] mereka dapat dibedakan dari ular Copperhead oleh warna cerah mereka, membangun ramping dan kurangnya lubang panas-sensing. [12] ular dewasa jagung memiliki panjang tubuh 61-182 cm (2,00-5,97 ft). [10] di alam liar, mereka biasanya tinggal di sekitar 6-8 tahun, tetapi di penangkaran dapat hidup sampai usia 23 tahun atau lebih. [11] mereka dapat dibedakan dari Copperhead ular dengan warna mereka terang, ramping membangun dan kurangnya lubang panas-sensing. [12] Setelah banyak generasi pembiakan selektif, dijinakkan ular jagung ditemukan dalam berbagai macam warna dan pola yang berbeda. Ini hasil dari penggabungan gen dominan dan resesif yang kode untuk protein yang terlibat dalam pengembangan kromatofor, pemeliharaan, atau fungsi. variasi baru, atau morphs, menjadi tersedia setiap tahun sebagai peternak mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih baik dari genetika yang terlibat.
morphs warna

Normal atau wildtype ular jagung oranye dengan garis-garis hitam di sekitar tanda pelana berwarna merah turun kembali mereka dengan warna hitam dan putih perut kotak-kotak. keberagaman daerah ditemukan dalam tertangkap liar ular jagung, yang paling populer menjadi fase Miami dan Okeetee. Ini adalah ular jagung paling sering terlihat.
Miami Tahap (berasal dari wildtype Florida) ini biasanya lebih kecil ular jagung dengan beberapa spesimen memiliki sangat kontras perak cahaya ke abu-abu warna dasar dengan tanda pelana merah atau oranye dikelilingi hitam. pembiakan selektif telah meringankan warna tanah dan gelap tanda pelana. The "Miami" nama sekarang dianggap sebagai sifat penampilan
Okeetee ular jagung. Ular ini ditandai dengan punggung merah tanda pelana mendalam dikelilingi oleh perbatasan sangat hitam pada warna dasar oranye terang. Seperti fase Miami, pembiakan selektif telah berubah istilah "Okeetee" untuk penampilan daripada suatu daerah. Beberapa di pasar berasal semata-mata dari selektif peternakan ular jagung dari Okeetee Hunt Club.
Permen-tebu (selektif dibesarkan amelanistic) ini amelanistic ular jagung dibesarkan menuju ideal tanda saddle merah atau oranye pada latar belakang putih. Beberapa diproduksi menggunakan creamsicle cahaya (hibrida amel dari Emory tikus x jagung) dibesarkan dengan ular jagung fase Miami. Beberapa permen tongkat akan mengembangkan warna oranye di sekitar daerah leher saat jatuh tempo dan banyak dicap sebagai candycanes kemudian mengembangkan sejumlah besar kuning atau oranye dalam warna tanah. Kontras mereka miliki sebagai tukik sering memudar dengan jatuh tempo.
Membalikkan Okeetee (selektif dibesarkan amelanistic) sebuah Okeetee ular jagung amelanistic yang memiliki cincin hitam normal di sekitar tanda pelana diganti dengan cincin putih lebar. spesimen yang ideal adalah ular kontras tinggi dengan oranye terang dengan latar belakang kuning dan oranye gelap / pelana merah. amelanistics okeetees-mereka Albino Okeetees tidak locale-spesifik secara selektif dibesarkan: Catatan
orange fluorescent (selektif dibesarkan amelanistic) mengembangkan perbatasan putih di sekitar tanda pelana merah terang sebagai orang dewasa pada latar belakang oranye.
Sunglow (selektif dibesarkan amelanistic) lain desainer jagung amelanistic yang tidak memiliki speckling putih biasa yang sering muncul di sebagian albino, dan dipilih untuk warna dasar yang sangat cerah. Latar belakang oranye mengelilingi tanda pelana oranye gelap.
darah merah (selektif dibesarkan "disebarkan") ular jagung membawa sifat resesif (dikenal sebagai disebarkan) yang menghilangkan pola kotak-kotak ventral. Ini berasal dari Jacksonville agak unicolor dan Gainesville, Florida strain ular jagung. Melalui pembiakan selektif, warna tanah hampir padat telah diproduksi. Tukik memiliki pola yang terlihat yang dapat memudar saat mereka dewasa menjadi merah oranye yang solid menjadi abu ular berwarna merah. The bloodreds sebelumnya cenderung memiliki cengkeraman besar lebih kecil dari rata-rata telur yang menghasilkan keras untuk memberi makan anak, meskipun ini tidak lagi terjadi.
Crimson (hypomelanistic + Miami) sangat ringan ular kontras tinggi dengan latar belakang cahaya dan tanda pelana merah / oranye gelap.
Anerythristic (anerythristic A, kadang-kadang disebut "albino hitam") adalah pelengkap amelanism. Mutasi resesif yang diturunkan dari kurang erythrin (merah, kuning, dan oranye) pigmen menghasilkan ular yang sebagian besar hitam, abu-abu dan coklat. Ketika dewasa, banyak tipe A ular anerythristic jagung mengembangkan kuning di daerah leher mereka yang merupakan hasil dari karotenoid dalam diet mereka.

ular arang (kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai jenis anerythristic 'B') dapat kekurangan pigmen warna kuning biasanya ditemukan di semua ular jagung, Mereka kontras lebih kalem dibanding Anerythristics.
Caramel ular jagung lain Kaya Zuchowski direkayasa ular jagung. latar belakang berbagai nuansa kuning menjadi kuning-coklat. Punggung tanda pelana bervariasi dari kuning karamel coklat, dan cokelat.
Lavender ular jagung berisi latar belakang merah muda dengan tanda abu-abu ungu gelap. Mereka juga memiliki ruby burgundy mata berwarna.
jagung bara berasal Atas Tombol jagung dan dengan demikian sering dibangun lebih ramping daripada kebanyakan morphs lainnya. Mereka mungkin menyerupai anerythristics, tetapi dengan batas bergelombang sekitar pelana mereka.
Kastanie Gen ini pertama kali ditemukan di Jerman. Kastanies menetas mencari hampir anerythristic tapi mendapatkan beberapa warna pada saat jatuh tempo, untuk akhirnya mengambil sebuah warna cokelat.
Hypomelanistic atau hypos untuk pendek membawa sifat resesif yang mengurangi pigmen gelap menyebabkan merah, putih, dan jeruk menjadi lebih hidup. Mata mereka tetap gelap. ular ini berkisar dalam penampilan antara ular jagung amelanistic untuk normals dengan sangat berkurang melanin.
Ultra Ultra adalah gen hypomelanistic-seperti itu adalah alel pada gen amelanistic. Ultra ular jagung memiliki garis-garis abu-abu terang di tempat hitam. Ultra gen berasal dari tikus ular abu-abu. Semua Ultras dan Ultramels memiliki beberapa jumlah ular tikus abu-abu di dalamnya.
Ultramel adalah penampilan perantara antara Ultra dan amel yang merupakan hasil dari menjadi heterozigot untuk ultra dan amel pada lokus albino.
Encer adalah gen melanin-mengurangi lain di mana ular tampak seolah-olah itu adalah bersiap-siap untuk menumpahkan.
Sunkissed adalah gen hypo-seperti yang pertama kali ditemukan di koloni Kathy Cinta.
Lava adalah gen hipo-seperti ekstrim yang ditemukan oleh Joe Pierce dan dinamai oleh Jeff Mohr. Apa yang biasanya akan pigmen hitam di ini adalah bukan keabu-abuan ungu.
Melihat bintang bukanlah morph warna, tetapi kekurangan kronis dalam keseimbangan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh cacat genetik sederhana-resesif dan dianggap merusak. Karena silang, melihat bintang sifat umum di ular jagung Sunkissed dan ular turun dari garis Sunkissed. [24] morphs Pola
Amelanistic Stripe ular jagung

Motley ular dengan perut yang jelas dan "terbalik" bercak pola. Mungkin juga muncul sebagai garis-garis atau tanda hubung.
Stripe morph ini juga memiliki perut yang jelas dan pola striping. Tidak seperti beraneka ragam yang garis-garis tidak akan terhubung, tapi kadang-kadang bisa pecah dan mengambil sebuah "potong dadu" penampilan. Kubus dan bintik-bintik pada jagung bergaris yang sama dengan warna pelana pada jagung biasa yang sama, tidak seperti ular beraneka ragam. Stripe adalah baik alel dan resesif untuk beraneka ragam, sehingga pembibitan jagung bergaris dan (homozigot) jagung ragam akan menghasilkan semua ular jagung beraneka ragam, dan berkembang biak ini (heterozigot) aneka ragam keturunan jagung akan menghasilkan ¾ beraneka ragam dan ¼ bergaris ular jagung.
Difusi berdifusi pola pada sisi dan menghilangkan pola perut. Ini adalah salah satu komponen dari morph merah darah.
Sunkissed sementara dianggap sebagai gen hypo-seperti, sunkissed juga memiliki efek lain seperti pelana bulat dan pola kepala yang tidak biasa.
Aztec, zigzag dan banded secara selektif dibesarkan morphs multigenetic (yang tidak tergantung pada gen tunggal).
morphs senyawa

Ada puluhan ribu mungkin morphs senyawa. Beberapa yang paling populer tercantum.

Salju (Amelanistic + Anerythristic) Sebagai tukik variasi warna ini terdiri dari bercak putih dan merah muda. Ini ular didominasi kulit putih cenderung memiliki daerah leher dan tenggorokan kuning ketika matang (karena retensi karotenoid dalam diet mereka). bercak cahaya dan warna latar belakang memiliki nuansa halus beige, ivory, pink, hijau, atau kuning.
Blizzard (Amelanistic + Charcoal). Badai salju adalah ular benar-benar putih dengan mata merah dan sangat sedikit atau tidak ada pola yang terlihat.
Ghost (Hypomelanistic + Anerythristic A) pameran ini berbagai nuansa abu-abu dan cokelat pada latar belakang lebih ringan. Ini sering membuat warna pastel di lavenders, pink, jeruk, dan tan.
Phantom ini adalah kombinasi dari Arang dan Hypomelanistic.
Timah (Arang + disebarkan) adalah lavender keperakan dengan sedikit pola sebagai orang dewasa.
Butter (Amelanistic + Caramel) A two-tone kuning ular jagung.
Amber (Hypomelanistic + Caramel) memiliki tanda berwarna kuning pada latar belakang coklat muda.

Plasma (disebarkan + Lavender) Hatch di berbagai warna keabu-abuan ungu.
Opal (Amelanistic + Lavender) terlihat seperti ular jagung badai salju sekali matang dengan warna pink untuk menyoroti ungu.
Granit (disebarkan + Anerythristic) cenderung beragam nuansa abu-abu sebagai orang dewasa, dengan laki-laki sering memiliki highlights merah muda.
Api (Amelanistic + disebarkan) merupakan versi albino dari morph menyebar. Ini biasanya ular merah sangat cerah dengan sedikit pola sebagai orang dewasa.

mutasi skala

Scaleless ular jagung homozigot untuk mutasi resesif dari gen yang bertanggung jawab untuk pengembangan skala. Meskipun tidak sepenuhnya scaleless di atas, beberapa yang memiliki sisik kurang dari orang lain. Namun, mereka semua memiliki ventral (perut) skala. Mereka juga dapat diproduksi dengan salah satu morphs warna tersebut. Jagung scaleless pertama berasal dari salib lain spesies ratsnake Amerika Utara untuk ular jagung dan karena itu secara teknis hibrida. mutan scaleless dari banyak spesies ular lainnya juga telah didokumentasikan di alam liar.

hibrida

Hibrida antara ular jagung dan setiap ular lainnya sangat umum dalam penangkaran dan jarang terjadi di alam liar. Hibrida dalam genera Pantherophis, Lampropeltis, atau Pituophis sejauh ini telah terbukti benar-benar subur. Ada berbagai jagung hibrida ular dibesarkan di penangkaran. Beberapa contoh umum meliputi:

Jungle ular jagung hibrida menggunakan ular jagung dan California kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula californiae). Ini menunjukkan variasi pola ekstrim mengambil tanda dari kedua orang tuanya. Meskipun mereka adalah hibrida dari genera yang berbeda, mereka tidak steril.
Tri Color Jungle ular jagung hibrida yang melibatkan Querétaro kingsnake dan orang tua jagung ular. Warnanya mirip dengan ular jagung Amelanistic.
Creamsicle jagung ular adalah hibrida yang melibatkan ular jagung albino dan Rat ular Emory (Pantherophis emoryi). Hibrida generasi pertama dikenal sebagai "rootbeers". Pembibitan ini kembali satu sama lain dapat menghasilkan creamsicles, yang jauh lebih kuning-oranye dari amel jagung khas.
ular turbo jagung hibrida antara ular jagung dan spesies Pituophis.
ular jagung hibridisasi dengan ular susu pergi dengan berbagai nama, tergantung pada subspesies susu ular itu. Misalnya, Honduras Milk Snake × Jagung ular disebut Cornduran, sebuah Sinaloan Milk Snake × Jagung ular disebut Sinacorn, sebuah Pueblan Milk Snake × Corn Snake disebut jagung puebla.
Brook Korn adalah hibrida antara Brook raja ular dan ular jagung. Seperti jagung hutan, hibrida menunjukkan variasi pola ekstrim.

Ketika hibrida ular jagung ditemukan di alam liar mereka biasanya hibridisasi dengan spesies Pantherophis lain yang rentang tumpang tindih dengan ular jagung
The corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) is a North American species of rat snake that subdues its small prey by constriction.[4] It is found throughout the southeastern and central United States. Their docile nature, reluctance to bite, moderate adult size, attractive pattern, and comparatively simple care make them popular pet snakes. Though superficially resembling the venomous copperhead and often killed as a result of this mistaken identity, corn snakes are harmless and beneficial to humans.[5] Corn snakes lack venom and help control populations of wild rodent pests that damage crops and spread disease.[6]

The corn snake is named for the species' regular presence near grain stores, where it preys on mice and rats that eat harvested corn.[7] The Oxford English Dictionary cites this usage as far back as 1675. Some sources maintain that the corn snake is so-named because the distinctive, nearly-checkered pattern of the snake's belly scales resembles the kernels of variegated corn.[8][9] Regardless of the name's origin, the corn reference can be a useful mnemonic for identifying corn snakes.Adult corn snakes have a body length of 61–182 centimetres (2.00–5.97 ft).[10] In the wild, they usually live around 6–8 years, but in captivity can live to an age of 23 years or more.[11] They can be distinguished from Copperhead snakes by their brighter colors, slender build and lack of heat-sensing pits.[12]Adult corn snakes have a body length of 61–182 centimetres (2.00–5.97 ft).[10] In the wild, they usually live around 6–8 years, but in captivity can live to an age of 23 years or more.[11] They can be distinguished from Copperhead snakes by their brighter colors, slender build and lack of heat-sensing pits.[12]Adult corn snakes have a body length of 61–182 centimetres (2.00–5.97 ft).[10] In the wild, they usually live around 6–8 years, but in captivity can live to an age of 23 years or more.[11] They can be distinguished from Copperhead snakes by their brighter colors, slender build and lack of heat-sensing pits.[12]Adult corn snakes have a body length of 61–182 centimetres (2.00–5.97 ft).[10] In the wild, they usually live around 6–8 years, but in captivity can live to an age of 23 years or more.[11] They can be distinguished from Copperhead snakes by their brighter colors, slender build and lack of heat-sensing pits.[12]Adult corn snakes have a body length of 61–182 centimetres (2.00–5.97 ft).[10] In the wild, they usually live around 6–8 years, but in captivity can live to an age of 23 years or more.[11] They can be distinguished from Copperhead snakes by their brighter colors, slender build and lack of heat-sensing pits.[12]Adult corn snakes have a body length of 61–182 centimetres (2.00–5.97 ft).[10] In the wild, they usually live around 6–8 years, but in captivity can live to an age of 23 years or more.[11] They can be distinguished from Copperhead snakes by their brighter colors, slender build and lack of heat-sensing pits.[12]After many generations of selective breeding, domesticated corn snakes are found in a wide variety of different colors and patterns. These result from recombining the dominant and recessive genes that code for proteins involved in chromatophore development, maintenance, or function. New variations, or morphs, become available every year as breeders gain a better understanding of the genetics involved.
Color morphs

Normal or wildtype corn snakes are orange with black lines around red colored saddle markings going down their back with black and white checkered bellies. Regional diversity is found in wild caught corn snakes, the most popular being the Miami and Okeetee phases. These are the most commonly seen corn snakes.
Miami Phase (originates in the Florida wildtype) These are usually smaller corn snakes with some specimens having highly contrasting light silver to gray ground color with red or orange saddle markings surrounded in black. Selective breeding has lightened the ground color and darkened the saddle marks. The “Miami” name is now considered an appearance trait
Okeetee corn snakes. These snakes are characterized by deep red dorsal saddle marks surrounded by very black borders on a bright orange ground color. As with the Miami phase, selective breeding has changed the term “Okeetee” to an appearance rather than a locality. Some on the market originate solely from selectively breeding corn snakes from the Okeetee Hunt Club.
Candy-cane (selectively bred amelanistic) These are amelanistic corn snakes bred toward the ideal of red or orange saddle marks on a white background. Some were produced using light creamsicle (an amel hybrid from emory rat x corn ) bred with Miami phase corn snakes. Some candy canes will develop orange coloration around the neck region as they mature and many labeled as candycanes later develop significant amounts of yellow or orange in the ground color. The contrast they have as hatchlings often fades with maturity.
Reverse Okeetee (selectively bred amelanistic) an amelanistic Okeetee corn snake which has the normal black rings around the saddle marks replaced with wide white rings. Ideal specimens are high contrast snakes with light orange to yellow background and dark orange/red saddles. Note: Albino Okeetees are not locale-specific okeetees—they are selectively bred amelanistics
Fluorescent orange (selectively bred amelanistic) develop white borders around bright red saddle marks as adults on an orange background.
Sunglow (selectively bred amelanistic) another designer amelanistic corn that lacks the usual white speckling that often appears in most albinos, and selected for exceptionally bright ground color. The orange background surrounds dark orange saddle marks.
Blood red (selectively bred “Diffused”) corn snakes carry a recessive trait (known as diffused) that eliminates the ventral checkered patterns. These originated from a somewhat unicolor Jacksonville and Gainesville, Florida strain of corn snake. Through selective breeding, an almost solid ground color has been produced. Hatchlings have a visible pattern that can fade as they mature into a solid orange red to ash red colored snake. The earlier bloodreds tended to have large clutches of smaller than average eggs that produce hard to feed offspring, though this is no longer the case.
Crimson (hypomelanistic + Miami) are very light high contrast snakes with a light background and dark red/orange saddle marks.
Anerythristic (anerythristic A, sometimes called "black albino") are the complement to amelanism. The inherited recessive mutation of lacking erythrin (red, yellow, and orange) pigments produces a snake that is mostly black, gray and brown. When mature, many type A anerythristic corn snakes develop yellow on their neck regions which is a result of the carotenoids in their diet.

Charcoal snakes (sometimes known as anerythristic type ‘B’) can lack the yellow color pigment usually found in all corn snakes, They are a more muted contrast compared to Anerythristics.
Caramel corn snakes are another Rich Zuchowski engineered corn snake. The background is varying shades of yellow to yellow-brown. Dorsal saddle marks vary from caramel yellow to brown, and chocolate brown.
Lavender corn snakes contain a light pink background with darker purple gray markings. They also have ruby to burgundy colored eyes.
Cinder corns originated with Upper Keys corns and as such are often built slimmer than most other morphs. They may resemble anerythristics, but with wavy borders around their saddles.
Kastanie This gene was first discovered in Germany. Kastanies hatch out looking nearly anerythristic but gain some color as they mature, to eventually take on a chestnut coloration.
Hypomelanistic or Hypos for short carry a recessive trait that reduces the dark pigments causing the reds, whites, and oranges to become more vivid. Their eyes remain dark. These snakes range in appearance between amelanistic corn snakes to normals with greatly reduced melanin.
Ultra Ultra is a hypomelanistic-like gene that is an allele to the amelanistic gene. Ultra corn snakes have light grey lines in place of black. The Ultra gene is derived from the grey rat snake. All Ultras and Ultramels have some amount of grey rat snake in them.
Ultramel is an intermediate appearance between ultra and amel which is the result of being heterozygous for ultra and amel at the albino locus.
Dilute is another melanin-reducing gene in which the snake looks as if it is getting ready to shed.
Sunkissed is a hypo-like gene which was first found in Kathy Love’s colony.
Lava is an extreme hypo-like gene which was discovered by Joe Pierce and named by Jeff Mohr. What would normally be black pigment in these is instead a grayish-purple.
Stargazing is not a color morph, but a chronic deficiency in balance. It is caused by a simple-recessive genetic defect and is considered deleterious. Due to inbreeding, the stargazing trait is common in Sunkissed corn snakes and in snakes descended from Sunkissed lines.[24] Pattern morphs
Amelanistic Stripe corn snake

Motley a snake with a clear belly and an “inverted” spotting pattern. May also appear as stripes or dashes.
Stripe this morph also has a clear belly and a striping pattern. Unlike the motley the stripes will not connect, but may sometimes break up and take on a “cubed” appearance. Cubes and spots on a striped corn are the same as the saddle color on a similar normal corn, unlike motley snakes. Stripe is both allelic and recessive to motley, so breeding a striped corn and a (homozygous) motley corn will result in all motley corn snakes, and breeding these (heterozygous) motley corn offspring will result in ¾ motley and ¼ striped corn snakes.
Diffusion diffuses the patterning on the sides and eliminates the belly pattern. It is one component of the bloodred morph.
Sunkissed while considered a hypo-like gene, sunkissed also has other effects such as rounded saddles and unusual head patterns.
Aztec, zigzag and banded are selectively bred multigenetic morphs (that is not dependent on a single gene).
Compound morphs

There are tens of thousands of possible compound morphs. Some of the most popular are listed.

Snow (Amelanistic + Anerythristic) As hatchlings this color variation is composed of white and pink blotches. These predominantly white snakes tend to have yellow neck and throat regions when mature (due to carotenoid retention in their diet). Light blotches and background colors have subtle shades of beige, ivory, pink, green, or yellow.
Blizzard (Amelanistic + Charcoal). Blizzards are a totally white snake with red eyes and very little to no visible pattern.
Ghost (Hypomelanistic + Anerythristic A) These exhibit varying shades of grays and browns on a lighter background. These often create pastel colors in lavenders, pinks, oranges, and tan.
Phantom These are a combination of Charcoal and Hypomelanistic.
Pewter (Charcoal + Diffused) are silvery lavender with very little pattern as adults.
Butter (Amelanistic + Caramel) A two-tone yellow corn snake.
Amber (Hypomelanistic + Caramel) have amber-colored markings on a light brown background.

Plasma (Diffused + Lavender) Hatch out in varying shades of grayish-purple.
Opal (Amelanistic + Lavender) look like blizzard corn snakes once mature with pink to purple highlights.
Granite (Diffused + Anerythristic) tend to be varying shades of gray as adults, with males often having pink highlights.
Fire (Amelanistic + Diffused) are an albino version of the diffused morph. These are typically very bright red snakes with very little pattern as adults.

Scale mutations

Scaleless corn snakes are homozygous for a recessive mutation of the gene responsible for scale development. While not completely scaleless above, some do have less scales than others. However, all of them possess ventral (belly) scales. They can also be produced with any of the aforementioned color morphs. The first scaleless corns originated from the cross of another North American ratsnake species to a corn snake and are therefore technically hybrids. Scaleless mutants of many other snake species have also been documented in the wild.

Hybrids

Hybrids between corn snakes and any other snakes is very common within captivity and rarely occurs in the wild. Hybrids within the genera Pantherophis, Lampropeltis, or Pituophis so far have been proven to be completely fertile. There are many different corn snake hybrids bred in captivity. A few common examples include:

Jungle corn snakes are hybrids using the corn snake and California Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula californiae). These show extreme pattern variations taking markings from both parents. Although they are hybrids of different genera, they are not sterile.
Tri Color Jungle corn snakes are a hybrid involving Querétaro Kingsnake and corn snake parents. The color is similar to that of an Amelanistic corn snake.
Creamsicle corn snake is a hybrid involving an albino corn snake and an Emory's Rat snake (Pantherophis emoryi). The first generation hybrids are known as "rootbeers". Breeding these back to each other can produce creamsicles, which are much more yellow-orange than the typical amel corn.
Turbo corn snakes are hybrids between a corn snake and any Pituophis species.
Corn snakes hybridized with milk snakes go by a variety of names, depending on the subspecies of milk snake it is. For example, a Honduran Milk Snake × Corn snake is called a Cornduran, a Sinaloan Milk Snake × Corn snake is called a Sinacorn, a Pueblan Milk Snake × Corn Snake is called a puebla corn.
Brook Korn is a hybrid between the Brook's king snake and a corn snake. Like the jungle corn, the hybrids show extreme pattern variations.

When hybrids of corn snakes are found in the wild they are usually hybridized with other Pantherophis species whose ranges overlap with corn snakes.