Step UP For Usmle

28/01/2025

HY step1
Remember cells of Stomach-HY gastroenterology !!!

1-parietal cells-secretes HCL and intrinsic factor
2-Chief cells-secretes pepsinogen
3-Endocrine cells-like G cells: Produce gastrin
D cells: Produce somatostatin
Enterochromaffin (EC) cells: Produce serotonin
EC-like cells: Produce histamine
X/A cells: Produce ghrelin
4-Mucus cells-secrete alkaline mucus.
this is easy to digest and boards will test you on this
better know this!!

Also do see the histology pictures of gastric parietal and chief cells in the website below too -they might give u GERd scenario and tell u PPI given which cell secretion would be effected please mark the cell -you need to mark parietal cell
https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/stomachnormalhistology.html

good luck

Stomach - Anatomy & histology

28/01/2025

High yield Q for Neuroanatomy Step1***
guys do figure out -what pathology will be present in patient with anterior spinal artery lesion and posterior spinal artery leison.
As well as a weird artery called "Adamkiewicz"artery
The above weird artery branch of aorta forms anastomosis with anterior spinal artery
Boards will test you on
a-what tracts invovled in leison of above spinal arteries
b-which sensations can be abnormal
c-which sensations can be normal
d-they might give you spinal cord section and give u bizzare scenario telling u this artery has been transected-at which level you would find abnormality or which tracts involved ..
This is a bit difficult question ,but i said i would mention to you
be prepared for nasty questions like this !!

24/12/2024

HY STEP1
Remember -types of necrosis and examples
liquefactive is very very common in brain
-know apoptosis mechanisms
-Know cell cycle ,cyclins
*******Super high yield to Know proto oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes ,very high yield RB gene ,p53 gene will be tested ,know if they are abnormal how they will effect cell cycle leading to tumorogenesis and what kind of malignancies they can cause..******

Will be tested for sure!!

24/12/2024

HY USMLE step1=Step2
boards really like to test you on Von Gierkes diseases
They want you to know all below
Low blood sugar: Can cause fatigue, constant hunger, and crankiness
Enlarged liver and kidneys: The liver and sometimes the kidneys swell due to built-up glycogen
Swollen belly: Due to an enlarged liver
Muscle cramps: Can occur during exercise
Bruising easily: Nosebleeds are also common
Puffy cheeks: Along with thin chest and limbs
Delayed growth and puberty: Impaired growth is a common symptom
Bone thinning: From osteoporosis
Increased mouth ulcers and infection: Other symptoms include these
Burgundy-colored urine: After exercise

they also want u to know which enzyme is deficient...

They also would like to confuse you on lysosomal storage diseases particularly Gauchers and neiman picks disease..--know the differences well

they may give u pathway too and ask where in pathway u will find abnormality

these are Must know for you guys..and surely will be tested.
good luck

15/12/2024

Hy step 1 very high yield
Neurology
Guys boards will test your ability on direct and indirect pathway for basal ganglia control
They would give u scenario for parkinson disease and will ask you which neurons involved,which pathway involved and which neurotransmitter involved
Very high yield
Remember loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra ,striatum indirect pathway of basal ganglia is affected.Substantia nigra located in midbrain above brainstem ..
You must know drugs for pD
You will definitely be tested on this!!!

09/12/2024

***HY USMLE STEP1
-Cardiology
Boards will screw you ,at times ,giving you a long vignette ,pt having chest pain and developed Myocardial infarction ,and treated,now developed low volume pulse,tachycardiac and persistently low bp despite ionotropic support..
eventually started on IABP(Intra aortic balloon pump)
and would ask you ,whether it will help in treated shock in systole or diastole or both or systole first or diastole first..
Make sure you know this ..
Super high yield

08/12/2024

😃effects of storm darragh

So far 9 sparrows, 3 pigeons, a police helicopter, air ambulance, and 38 planes have received speeding tickets this week! Credit photo: Andy Howard. Follow me for accurate weather forecasts. UK Weather Forecasts

07/12/2024

HY USMLE step1
-Board will try to trick you
by giving u a 2 line vignette that includes someone not feeling well and list of lab investigations including urine electrolytes too
such as sodium,potassium,bicarbonate,calcium etc
-what they will be testing you is ,either u can interpret what kinda diuretics will cause this abnormalities?
-they may also give you picture of renal tubule(the one shows glomerulus,PCT ,Loop of henle,DCT,)and ask you to mark the area where u think the drug can act to produce these abnormalities
-They may also trick you with same abnormalities ,pretending to be diuretics but could be something gittleman ,barters syndrome
-You must know the above by heart ,
The most important drugs they will be mixing up ,and testing you will be Loop diuretics/thiazide diuretics/carbonic anhydrase inhibitors ,potassium sparing diuretics.
-Know which diuretic causes which serum and urine effect, and which condition (gittleman,barter syndrome) has similar affect to loop and thiazide diuretic use and how you could differentiate between them ..
good luck

07/12/2024

****HY for usmle step1
Psychiatry
-Personality Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Antipsychotics
Schizophrenia
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Ego Defenses
Bipolar Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Sexual Dysfunctions
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
Narcolepsy
Lithium
Bulimia Nervosa
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Smoking Cessation
Delirium
Panic Attack / Panic Disorder
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder
Tourette Syndrome
Su***de
Delusional Disorder
Phobic Disorders
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) B
Insomnia Disorders / Hypersomnia C
Acute Alcohol Withdrawal
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors
Dissociative Disorders
Atypical Antidepressants
Chronic Alcohol Abuse
Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Good luck

06/12/2024

HY Step1 =Step2
-Guys know each and every thing about ,allergic reaction vs anaphylaxis
e.g what cells and mediators are involved in both ,what symptoms ,which hypersensitivity reaction is involved ,
-what tests can be done during the reaction
-how you could reduce the event ,
-what drugs can be used
-know each and every thing about mast cells,eosinophils,Leukotrienes, IGE ,Adrenaline ,steroids ,
know the COX1, COX2 pathway (that starts from arachadonic acid formation and then spilits further to cyclogenase and lipoxygenase etc ) ,they might give u scenario about anaphylaxis and ask steroids were also given where in pathway they act?
-They may give u straight Q about anaphylaxis and say adrenaline was given ?they might ask you the route(given intramuscular) and may ask which receptors it acts ?
how adrenaline increases blood pressure in anaphylactic shock ?
what could be the mechanism ..

Good luck
MUSt must know these..
Boards will definitely be testing you on these - 2-3 Questions atleast

06/12/2024

HY step1 (tough Qs)
-guys must know embroyogenesis genes
-homeobox gene
-sonic hedgehog gene
-WNT7
-FgF gene
They may either ask brain development like holoprosencephaly due to which gene defect ,or rib development abnormal due to which gene involvement
think it was kind of experimental Q -but picked up
-Also must know ,when do limbs form in embryogenesis ,when is brain development starts etc .
Good luck

04/12/2024

****HY for step1=step2
Must know this
Will be tested