Teaching the Middle Ages - TMA

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Medieval Feast Days - During the 12 Days of Christmas, December 28 is reserved for the Holy Innocents: “When Herod realized that he had been deceived by the magi, he became furious. He ordered the massacre of all the boys in Bethlehem and its vicinity two years old and under, in accordance with the time he had ascertained from the magi. Then was fulfilled what had been said through Jeremiah the prophet: ‘A voice was heard in Ramah, sobbing and loud lamentation; Rachel weeping for her children, and she would not be consoled, since they were no more’.” ~Matthew 2:16–18 Image of Lorenzo Maitani and Associates, The Slaughter of the Innocents, First half of the 14th century, Relief, West façade, Orvieto Cathedral

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Medieval Traditions and Medieval Feast Days during the 12 Days of Christmas - Dec 27 in England is the third day of Christmas but the second day of Christmas in Italy as some cultures accept Dec 25 as part of the 12 days to Epiphany and others begin counting on Dec 26. Regardless when one begins their 12 days of Christmas, today is the Feast of St. John the Evangelist who wrote the Gospel of John and Revelations and the only apostle who was not martyred, dying of old age. He is the patron saint of authors, loyalty, friendship and love since he is known for writing the Gospel of love. Image of St John portrayed in a silver gilt statuette on the later thirteenth-century copper gilt châsse of St. Remaclus (completed between 1263 and 1268) in the église Saint-Sébastien in Stavelot.

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For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. John 3:16 Unknown Artist, Processional Painting (Shield): The Nativity (Recto); The Virgin and Child (Verso), ca. 1620-1650; Oil on copper, iron, and metal gilt starburst frame; 34 ¼ x 27 15/16 in.; Courtesy of The Hispanic Society of America, New York

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When they saw the star, they were overjoyed. On coming to the house, they saw the child with his mother Mary, and they bowed down and worshiped him. Then they opened their treasures and presented him with gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh. Matthew 2:10-11 Luis de Morales (Spanish, 1510/11-1586); Holy Family, 1554-1560; Oil on panel; 43 11/16 x 34 5/8 x 2 3/4 in.; Courtesy of The Hispanic Society of America, New York.

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After Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea, during the time of King Herod, Magi from the east came to Jerusalem and asked, “Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star when it rose and have come to worship him.” Matthew 2:1-2 A detail of the alignment of the stars on the day Jesus was born from the painting of Luis de Morales (Spanish, 1510/11 -1586); Holy Family, 1554-1560; Oil on panel; 43 11/16 x 34 5/8 x 2 3/4 in.; Courtesy of The Hispanic Society of America, New York. The calculation was made by an Italian medical doctor, Girolamo Cardano, in 1554.

The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the one and only Son, who came from the Father, full of grace and truth. John 1:14

Detail image of Antonio Pereda y Salgado (Spanish, 1611-1678); Saint Anthony of Padua and the Christ Child, 1655; Oil on canvas; 78 3/8 x 41 9/16 in.; Courtesy of The Hispanic Society of America, New York

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On the eighth day, when it was time to circumcise the child, he was named Jesus, the name the angel had given him before he was conceived. Luke 2:21 The Presentation in the Temple, 1725-1800; Oil on canvas; Framed: 116 cm x 103 cm x 6 cm; 45 11/16 in x 40 9/16 in x 2 3/8 in; Courtesy of The Hispanic Society of America, New York

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The shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things they had heard and seen, which were just as they had been told. Luke 2:20 Image: Luis de Morales (Spanish, 1510/11-1586); Holy Family, 1554-1560; Oil on panel, 43 11/16 x 34 5/8 x 2 3/4 in.; Courtesy of The Hispanic Society of America, New York

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Mary treasured all these things [that the shepherds told them about her child] and pondered them in her heart. Luke 2:19 Image: Manuel Serna (Mexican, active mid-18th century), Immaculate Conception and Saints, 1750; Oil on copper, Diameter: 7 1/16 in.; Courtesy of The Hispanic Society of America, New York

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When the angels had left them and gone into heaven, the shepherds said to one another, “Let’s go to Bethlehem and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has told us about.” So they hurried off and found Mary and Joseph, and the baby, who was lying in the manger. When they had seen him, they spread the word concerning what had been told them about this child, and all who heard it were amazed at what the shepherds said to them. Luke 2:15-18 Detail of Antonio del Castillo Saavedra; (Spanish, 1616-1668); Adoration of the Shepherds, ca. 1660, Oil on canvas; 56 7/8 x 44 1/8 in.; Courtesy of The Hispanic Society of America, New York

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“This will be a sign to you: ‘You will find a baby wrapped in cloths and lying in a manger.’ Suddenly a great company of the heavenly host appeared with the angel, praising God and saying, ‘Glory to God in the highest heaven, and on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests.’” Luke 2:12-14 José de Páez (Mexican, 1727-1790); Annunciation and Saints, 1750-1760, Oil on copper; 8 1/4 x 6 11/16 in.; Courtesy of The Hispanic Society of America, New York

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The Advent story of the birth of Jesus continues into the third week: “And there were shepherds living out in the fields nearby, keeping watch over their flocks at night. An angel of the Lord appeared to them, and the glory of the Lord shone around them, and they were terrified…. And there were shepherds living out in the fields nearby, keeping watch over their flocks at night. An angel of the Lord appeared to them, and the glory of the Lord shone around them, and they were terrified. But the angel said to them, “Do not be afraid. I bring you good news that will cause great joy for all the people. Today in the town of David a Savior has been born to you; he is the Messiah, the Lord.” Luke 2:8-11