I CAN INT'L online Bio tutorials.

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Causes of Premature Ej*******on.

PE is a condition where a guy ends up finishing much sooner than he or his partner would’ve preferred.
This affects the s*xual health of couples and must be avoided at all cost.
This can be quite a discouraging experience and there are several different things that may cause a premature ej*******on. Let’s take a look at five of those causes now.

1. Substance abuse
2. Anxiety and depression
3. Hormonal imbalance
4. Inexperience
5. Over excitement

In as much as your learn something new, there's always a demand to put into use what you've learnt. By so doing it can benefit you.
That's the female anatomy.
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Nutrition

This characteristic feature of living organisms is in other words referred to as feeding. It is the process by which an organism obtains nourishment which provides it with energy and nutrients needed to carry out proper growth and development.
Every living organism requires food to carry out it's life activities. Hence, there are different modes of feeding or nutrition in different organisms. Ranging from unicellular to multicellular organisms.

Feeding in unicellular organisms like amoeba is such that they engulf their food with their cytoplasm. Digestion of the food occurs as the cytoplasm closes up with the help of digestive enzymes. Undigested food is expelled from the cell through the a**l pore.

On the other hand, multicellular and few unicellular organisms employ a more complex mode of nutrition which can be grouped into two viz:
*Autotrophic nutrition
*Heterotrophic nutrition.

Autotrophic Nutrition:
This refers to the type of nutrition where organisms make their own complex food from simple inorganic substances. Thus, they're self feeding and are called autotrophs. E.g. plants and some bacteria.
Two types of autotrophs:
*Photosynthetic autotrophs e.g. plants
*Chemosynthetic autotrophs e.g. nitrifying bacteria and sulphur bacteria.

Heterotrophic Nutrition:
This a mode nutrition where some organisms show dependence directly or indirectly on plants and other animals for food and survival.
They can't make their own food hence they're called heterotrophs.
Different types of heterotrophic Nutrition:
*Parasitism
*Mutualism
*Saprophytism
*Commensalism
*Holozoic

All these are geared towards making energy and nutrients available for proper growth and development in order to carry out proper body function.

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The Mammalian Teeth

The tooth we all know is a vital and hard structure made of calcium carbonate or limestone present in vertebrates that enable them to feed by chewing, biting or grinding food substances.
The formation, number, arrangement and types of teeth in an animal is known as dentition. So different vertebrates have different type of dentition.
Organisms that have the same or similar size and shape of teeth have a homodont dentition, thus are called homodonts e.g. fish, amphibians, reptiles.
Organisms that have different sizes and shapes of teeth have heterodont dentition, thus are called heterodonts e.g. mammals. They have incisors, canines, premolars and molars all adapted to serve different functions during feeding.

A tooth has three parts viz a crown which projects above the jaws; the root which embeds in the jaws; and the neck covered by the gum.
The internal structure of the tooth has a central pulp cavity with connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves. The dentine is the hard material that surrounds the pulp. Other parts like enamel covers the crown and neck while the cement covers the root contributing to the firmness of the teeth to the gums. A fibrous tissue called the periodontal membrane covers the cement thus holding the tooth inside the hole in the jaws bone.

In a child, the first set of teeth is called the milk dentition. At about six years of age, it falls off and are replaced by the permanent teeth which remains till old age.

A short way of representing the number of heterodont dentition i.e. different kinds of teeth in one half of the upper and lower jaws is called the dental formula. Usually multiplied by 2 to get the total number of teeth in an animal.

Key: I for incisors
C for canines
P for premolars
M for molars.

Man: I 2/2. C 1/1. P 2/2. M 3/3 = 16 × 2 = 32
Dog: I 3/3. C 1/1. P 4/4. M 2/3 = 21 × 2 = 42
Rabbit: I 2/1. C.0/0. 3/2. M 3/3 = 14 × 2 = 28

Note: Each of these dentitions have adaptive features that enable them carry out their functions.

Care should be given to the teeth to avoid disease of any kind be it microbial infection like dental plague or any mechanical injury that can pose uneasiness to the animal.
Brushing of teeth at least twice a day.
Avoid chewing hard food materials like bone etc.
Visit your dentist any time you experience tooth aches.
Rinse your mouth always with water immediately after meal to lush off food particles from the teeth.

In summary, a healthy teeth with other digestive organs intact is proportional to easy digestion of food.

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Classification of Living Things

Classification is the science of placing organisms into groups called taxa. The principle and technique of classification is Known as taxonomy. The principal reason for classification is for convenient and easy identification and studying of organisms.

The system of classification used today is based on the characters and structural similarities between organisms or the evolutionary relationship among organisms.

A Swedish scientist by name Carl Von Linne (1707-1778) better known by the latinized form of his name Carolus Linnaeus published plants and animal classification in 1753 and 1758 respectively.

The hierarchy of groups used in classification of living things:
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum for animals and division for plants.
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Domain is the highest rank in the classification of organisms. There are three domains viz; archae, bacteria and eukaryota.
Kingdom is 2nd to the largest group as all animals belong to the kingdom called animalia while the smallest and basic unit of classification is the species where organisms with features in common are placed e.g. all human beings belong to same specie called Homo sapiens.
In this arrangement, each smaller group belongs to a larger group that includes it.

Having placed organisms in different groups or taxa, there is need for them to be easily identified with a name, hence the need for nomenclature.
Carolus Linnaeus also introduced a system of naming living things which is still used by biologist today known as the binomial system of nomenclature. Organisms are given two names, the generic name usually started with a capital letter and the specific epithet usually started with small letter as both are underlined when written or italized when typed. Example, Musca domestica is the scientific name of house fly. Musca is the genus name while domestica is the species name. Thus, house flies are scientifically called Musca domestica.

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Koch's Postulate

The Koch's Postulate is a series of procedures or criteria developed by a German, Robert Koch, used to determine the relationship between a pathogen and the disease it causes.
He achieved this by showing the relatedness between the cattle disease anthrax and the bacteria Bacillus anthracis by carrying out an experiment which lead to the theory used today in the medical field known as the germ theory or simply put Koch's Postulate.

It states that:
1) The microorganism (pathogen) must be present in every instance of the disease and absent from healthy individuals.

2) The microorganism (pathogen) must be capable of being isolated and grown in pure culture.

3) When the microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host, the same disease condition must result.

4) The same microorganism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected host.

Despite the value, this postulate has limitations viz: It's known that viruses, prions can't be grown in vitro i.e. outside but in a host cell. Also, some organisms can cause more than one disease.
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The Chemical Basis of Inheritance.

The nucleus of a cell is an organelle that carries all life activities. Inside it is the thread-like material called chromosomes that bears the information molecules DNA and protein. DNA is a nucleic acid composed of repeating units of deoxribose sugar, a phosphate and nitrogenous bases viz Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine in a double stranded form.
🧬 DNA contains the information a cell requires to make proteins which is the building blocks of the body.
These nitrogenous chemical bases make up combinations with permutations and combinations to make up double helical structure of DNA where Adenine binds with Thymine and Guanine binds with Cytosine. Just like the words on a page when stringed together act as a blueprint that tells the cells of the body when and how to grow, mature and perform various functions.

Note : there are two types of nitrogenous bases namely, purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine).

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The Science of Inheritance.

Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation. As heredity deals with transfer of genes from parents to their offsprings, variation deals with the differences that exist between organisms of same species.

The factor responsible for the expression of traits and characters in living organism is known as genes. These genes are inherited from both parents as in s*xual reproduction. Some of these traits maybe physical for e.g. hair, eye and skin color. On the other hand, some traits are not visible but deals with the functionality of the organism e.g. blood groups.

The genetic information lies within the nucleus of each living cell. Inside the nucleus is a threadlike material that bears the info molecules known as 🧬 DNA and proteins (histone). The segment of this DNA molecule is the gene. The DNA carries the basics unit of Inheritance called genes which can be recessive or dorminant.

Humans have 23 pairs of these small threadlike structures in their somatic cells hence are called diploid i.e. complete set of chromosomes (2n) organisms. One set of these chromosomes is found in their reproductive cells e.g. s***m and eggs hence are haploid i.e. one set of chromosomes (n).

During reproduction, these gametes (s*x cells) fuse together through a process of fertilization to form a zygote ( a fertilized) which grows mitotically and express the information contained within its nucleus. This restores the diploid state of humans.

To be continued.
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Today I want us to consider the organ system in the levels of organization of life.

Recall that cells are the basic, structural, functional and biological units of life make up tissues, tissues form organs, organs form systems and all the systems culminate to form the whole organism. All these levels of organization perform a particular function in the body of an organism whether at the cellular level or as the whole organism.

A system is defined as the collection of organs which come together to perform a specific function. In the human body, there are 11 systems viz:
1) Reproductive system
2) Respiratory system
3) Digestive system
4) Urinary system
5) Circulatory system
6) Lymphatic system
7) Nervous system
8) Endocrine system
9) Skeletal system
10) Muscular system
11) Integumentary system.

All these systems integrate to bring about normal body functions. Any deviation from the normal body functions is what is called a disease.
In our next class, we will consider the systems one after the other.
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Breaking The Chain of COVID-19!!

The chain of infection is the condition or link via which an infectious disease spreads in a population from person to person.

There are 6 links or chain of infection. Namely:
1) the causative agent
2) the reservoir
3) the portal of exit
4) the mode of transmission
5) the portal of entry
6) the susceptible host

All these links must be intact for an infection e.g covid-19 to be established.

One of the ways to prevent the spread of infections e.g. covid-19 is to identify the weakest link in the infection chain. I make bold to tell you the weakest link is the mode of transmission.

Mode of transmission: this is the method through which the pathogen gets from an infected person to the new host.
This may occur through direct contact or indirect contact, vector transmission, food ingestion or airborne.
But in the case of covid-19, it's via contact with an infected persons respiratory droplets which can be inhaled or can contaminate objects like door k***s, hands and other objects one can easily touch. This droplet carrying the virus enters a susceptible host via orifices viz nose or mouth.

So how do we break the chain?
We break the COVID-19 chain by adhering to the following:
*maintain at least one & half & at most 3 meters distance away from anyone that is sneezing and coughing; Social distancing.
*wash your hands, before, during and after food preparation with soap.
*always use hand sanitizer and remember to wash of the germs rather than recycling them.
*cover your mouth and nose with flexed elbow or tissue when coughing;
*avoid hand shaking
*maintain a high level of personal hygiene.
*eat healthy
*don't go out when sick of any kind.
*stay informed properly and follow instructions.

Help break COVID-19 chain of infection!!