09/03/2026
Modifier
Modify (verb)পরিবর্তন করা Modifier(Noun) পরিবর্তন, যে পরিবর্তন করে । Modifier হচ্ছে এমন একটি শব্দ বা শব্দগুচ্ছ যা শব্দের আগে বা পরে বসে তার অর্থ আরো প্রভাবিত করে Modifier মূলত Adjective /Adverb হয় । Adjective সর্বদা Modify করে Noun বা Pronoun কে Adverb সর্বদা Modify করেAdjective বা Verb/Adverb কে ।
Intensifier এর ব্যবহার :
Intensifier ,Intensify (Verb) হতে এসেছে যার অর্থ হচ্ছে তীব্র করা So,Intensifier অর্থ হচ্ছে তীব্র করে Intensifier যেখানে থাকবে সেখানেট very ব্যবহার করতে হবে তবে Great /Acute/Extremely ও ব্যবহার করা যায় ।
Example:
Nasif is a ..(use an intensifier) good boy.
=Very
Apposition=একটি Noun Phrase যখন কোন Noun কে Modify করতে পারে, তারপর বসে সেই Noun কে Modify করে তাকে Apposition বলে
Example=Mr.Nafiz...(use an apposition),is a kind man.
= Headmaster of PN School.
Infinitive=To+verb এর present form.
বাকে বা Passage এর সাথে সঙ্গতি রেখে এখানে Verb এর Present Form বসবে.
Example =Manik went there to buy a book.
Gerund=Verb present এর Form বসবে এর সাথে যদি ing যোগ হয় এবং তা যদি Noun এর কাজ করে তাকে Gerund বলে ..(Use a present Participle) is good for all.
=Walking/Swimming
Participle as Pre-modifier:
আমরা জানি, participle সর্বদা adjective কিংবা adverb-এর কাজ করে থাকে। Participle তিন প্রকার যা pre-modifier হিসেবে কাজ করতে পারে। এগুলো নিম্নরূপঃ
Present participle=(Verb1+ing) Verb এর present form সাথে ing যোগ হলে তা যদি Adjective এর নেয় কাজ করে তাকে Present participle বলে
I saw a flying bird. (a) He saw a running train.
(b) A barking dog seldom bites. (c) A drowning man catches at a straw.
***. Past Participle as Pre-modifier:
এটি verb-এর past participle form দিয়ে গঠিত হয়। এই past participle-টি noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) It was a written document. (b) I have bought some rotten fishes.
***. Perfect Participle (Phrase) as Pre-modifier:
এটি having + verb-এর past participle form + অন্যান্য শব্দ দিয়ে গঠিত হয়। এই perfect participle phrase-টি কোন clause-এর পূর্বে বসে উক্ত clause-টিকে modify করে অর্থাত্ এটি adverb-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) Having defeated the soldiers, the Captain sent them to prison.
(b) Having taken her meal, Nowshin went to college.
***Possessive Case= my .our ,your,his ,her,their.
বাক্যের সাথে সংগতি রেখে যেকোনো একটা বসে যেমন বাক্যের Subj যদি he হয় তাহলে possessive caseএ his বসে আর যদি they হয় তাহলে their বসে
Murad is an idol to ..(use a possessive case)... students.
=his
(a) Her sister is an MBBS. (b) I have already got your idea.
(c) Everybody knows its price.
Quantifier=(Quantity) যে শব্দ দ্বারা কোন কিছুর সংখ্যা পরিমাণ নির্দেশ করে তাকে Quantifier বলে
Singular non-countable noun-এর quantifier হিসেবে সাধারণত much, little, a little, a great/good/vast/little amount of, a lot of, a lot, more, less, some, adequate, enough ইত্যাদি বসে এবং plural countable noun-এর quantifier হিসেবে সাধারণত many, some, few, a great/good number of, a lot of, a lot, three, ten, more, less, several, adequate, enough ইত্যাদি বসে। যেমন-
(a) She bought ten books from the book fair. (b) I don't spend much money unnecessarily.
(c) Many students attended the seminar. (d) Bill Gates has a lot of money.
***Demonstrative=This,that,these.those.ইত্যাদি হচ্ছে Demonstrative এবং this ,theseকাছের জিনিস বোঝায় that,those দুটো জিনিস বোঝায় এছাড়াও Adjective ,Adverb সম্পর্কে বিস্তারিত তথ্য জানতে হবে আমাদের Parts of Speech sheet দেখতে পারেন ।
(use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country. Quantifier: all, any, both, some, no, every, either, neither few, a few, much, many, a many, manya, little, Rules of modifier:
*** Pre-modifier-এর উদাহরণসহ ব্যবহার দেখানো হলোঃ
***. Adjective as Pre-modifier: এক্ষেত্রে noun বা noun phrase-এর পূর্বে একটি adjective বসে উক্ত noun-কে modify করে। Adjective-এর এ ধরনের ব্যবহারকে attributive use বলা হয়। যেমন-
(a) Kalam gave him a nice picture. (b) It was an attractive football-match.
***Noun as Pre-modifier:
অনেক ক্ষেত্রে noun-ও noun-কে modify করে। যখন দুটি noun পাশাপাশি বসে, তখন প্রথম noun-টি দ্বিতীয় noun-টিকে modify করে। ফলে, এক্ষেত্রে প্রথম noun-টি noun হয়েও adjective-এর মতো কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) Kabir went to a book fair. (b) I have bought a book about science fiction.
(c) Trade Fair should be open to all.
***. Determiner as Pre-modifier: Determiner দ্বারা noun-কে নির্দেশ করা হয়। সাধারণত article (a, an, the) এবং demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these, those) গুলো determiner হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হয় যা noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) Shushil purchased a mobile. (b) The Meghna is a big river.
(c) She bought that pen yesterday. (d) Those players were playing in the field.
****. Compound as Pre-modifier: দুই বা ততোধিক শব্দযোগে compound গঠিত হয় যা noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। Age-old, brand-new, school-going, out-of-order, out-dated, out-of-date, old-fashioned, back-dated, so-called, far-sighted, long-sighted, first-class, new-bo, long-term, short-term, quickly-done, slowly-passing, multi-coloured, multi-storeyed, cash-paid, newly-emerged, above-mentioned, well-constructed, well-paid, well-designed, well-known ইত্যাদি প্রচলিত কতগুলো compound. যেমন-
(a) Nishat has purchased a brand-new car. (b) A hard-working man can prosper in life.
(c) His father possesses a back-dated idea. (d) The govt. has given long-term loan to the poor.
***. Adverb as Pre-modifier: Adverb হলো below, under, above, up, down, very, fast, last, early, late, then ইত্যাদি যা noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। তবে quickly, slowly, extremely, very, fast, last, soon, late, early, instantly, today, yesterday, here, there ইত্যাদি adverb কোন verb, adjective, adverb কিংবা পুরো sentence-এর পূর্বে বসে adverb-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) The then Principal signed this letter. (b) The down train will go there.
(c) The above passage is very difficult.(d) This is the very man you like to meet.
(e) The last man has already left the place (f) That question was very important.
(g) The lady walks extremely slowly. (h) It is a quickly increasing market.
(i) Instantly he left the place. (j) There she was waiting for him eagerly.
the following text and use modifiers as directed is the blank spaces:
1. A village doctor is a very (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) person in the rural areas of Bangladesh. He is (b) —— (post-modify the verb) known as a quack. A village doctor is not a (c) —— (pre-modify the noun) doctor. He usually sits in a small dispensary (d) —— (postmodify the verb). He treats the patients (e) —— (use a participle phrase to post-modify the verb). A village doctor is not a (f) —— (pre-modify the noun) man. His chamber is (g) —— (pre-modify the verb) furnished. He cannot supply costly medicine to (h) —— (pre-modify the noun) patients. In our country, the number of qualified doctors is (i) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) few. So, a village doctor is a great friend to the (j) —— (pre-modify the noun) villagers.
2. Most of the people in (a) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country do not know the importance of English. In fact, it is an (b) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) language and we are living in a (c) —— (pre-modify the noun) village. So, if you know English (d) —— (post-modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e) —— (use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) rest of the world. It is surely an important element of your (f) —— (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill. Without the knowledge of English with proper understanding, you cannot complete (g) —— (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) higher studies because most of the books are written in English in the process of higher education. Poor knowledge of English will also hamper your (h) —— (use an adjective) development. In short, if you do not have a good command of English, you will suffer (i) —— (post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase). So, do not waste your time and try to learn English (j) —— (post-modify the verb with an adverb) from today.
3. Kazi Nazrul Islam is called the Shelley of Bengali literature. He was a (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) poet. He wrote (b) —— (post-modify the verb) in every branch of Bengali literature. Nazrul, (c) —— (use an appositive), won the attention of everyone in his early childhood. He wrote ceaselessly until the death of (d) —— (use possessive pronoun) poetic flair. He composed his songs (e) —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). His songs are (f) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) melodious. He enriched the Bengali literature (g) —— (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb). His literary works have enriched (h) —— (use a noun adjective) literature. He was (i) —— (use an article) secular poet. He sang the songs of equality (j) —— (use an adverbial phrase).
4. There lived a (a) —— (pre-modify the noun) fox in a jungle. Once the fox was feeling (b) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) hungry. He roamed here and there (c) —— (use prepositional phrase to post-modify the verb), but he could not find anything to eat. He became (d) —— (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) tired. (e) —— (use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb), he sat under a (f) —— (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) tree. When he looked up, he saw a crow (g) —— (use a participle to post-modify the noun) on one of the branches of the tree. The crow was holding a piece of meat (h) —— (use prepositional phrase to post-modify the verb), (i) —— (use a participle phrase to pre-modify the verb), the mouth of the fox began to water and he wished to have (j) —— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) piece of meat.