Participles can easily combine with an adverb, adjective or noun to make a compound adjective. In a surprising number of cases, the compounds are common enough to be considered fixed.
Participles combined with an ADVERB are likely to be derived from an intransitive (object-less) verb.Verbs that cannot be Passive). Fixed combinations include deep-thinking, fast-flowing, free-wheeling, hard-working, high-achieving, long-lasting, never-ending, obstinately-persisting, quick-acting, rapidly-deteriorating, slow-growing, slowly-receding and wildly-fluctuating.
By contrast, participles combined with an ADJECTIVE are likely to be derived from a complement-taking verb. Fixed combinations include bitter-tasting, foul-smelling, good-looking, innocent-seeming, positive-sounding and rough-feeling.
Participles combined with a NOUN are likely to be derived from a transitive (object-needing) verb. Fixed combinations include all-encompassing, awe-inspiring, breath-taking, disease-carrying, fun-loving, heart-stopping, law-breaking, meat-eating, money-grabbing, pleasure-seeking, record-breaking, self-supporting, time-consuming and trouble-causing.
Secrets of grammar
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Resources for Students of English.
A). Gardens can be improved by growing plants.
Is the -ing word Gerund or Participle??
It's not clear here whether the following -Ing word 'growing' is Gerund or Participle.
Let's Explain:
Growing Plants means Either "Plants that are growing" OR "making plants grow" OR Plants for growing. Both meanings are possible.
Plants that are growing (Participle usage).
Making plants grow (Gerund usage).
How to identify:
A clue may come not only from the 'context' of a particular article in writting but also from 'pronounciation' or 'emphasis' in case of speaking.
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02/09/2023
A New Lesson of participles.
In addition to describing a earlier noun, delayed participles often suggest the idea of “how” or “while” or “and”. ( much like Adverb Phrase)
Example: The new trains will make a huge difference travelling at over 200 km/h.
Q: How will the new trains make the difference?
The Answer: Travelling at over 200 km/h.
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