Simplified Medical Biochemistry

Simplified Medical Biochemistry Easy Biochemisry Lecture/Tutorial Videos for Medical Students by Prof. Shamima Parvin.

Head, Department of Biochemistry, Ad-din Women's Medical College, Ex-Vice Principal of Mugda Medical College, Dhaka.

: Which of the following is the earliest ocular manifestation of vitamin A deficiency?a. Bitot’s spotsb Corneal xerosis...
25/09/2026

: Which of the following is the earliest ocular manifestation of vitamin A deficiency?
a. Bitot’s spots
b Corneal xerosis
c. Conjunctival xerosis
d Keratomalacia
e. Night blindness

: Which one of the following plasma glucose values meets the diagnostic criterion for diabetes mellitus in a non-pregna...
25/09/2026

: Which one of the following plasma glucose values meets the diagnostic criterion for diabetes mellitus in a non-pregnant adult?
a Fasting plasma glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L.
b Fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L.
c 2-hour plasma glucose after breakfast ≥7.8 mmol/L.
d Random plasma glucose ≥10.0 mmol/L without symptoms.
e 2-hour plasma glucose during a 75-g OGTT ≥10.0 mmol/L.

: Among the following foods, which has the highest glycemic index?a Boiled potatoes b Brown ricec Brown breadd Ice crea...
24/09/2026

: Among the following foods, which has the highest glycemic index?
a Boiled potatoes
b Brown rice
c Brown bread
d Ice cream
e popcorn

: In the basal state, the greatest proportion of energy expenditure is used for:a) Cardiac activity b) Gastrointestinal...
24/09/2026

: In the basal state, the greatest proportion of energy expenditure is used for:
a) Cardiac activity
b) Gastrointestinal movement
c) Na⁺-K⁺ pump activity
d) Renal function
e) Temperature regulation

: Which unsaturated fatty acids have greater health benefits & why? Ans: Both monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and po...
23/09/2026

: Which unsaturated fatty acids have greater health benefits & why?

Ans: Both monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are healthier than saturated and trans fats. However, PUFA generally has greater cardiovascular benefits, particularly when it replaces saturated fat.
*Why PUFA may have greater health benefits?

*PUFA—particularly omega-3 PUFA—provides additional benefits because it includes essential fatty acids and has favorable effects on blood lipids and cardiovascular health.

: Why does trans fat increase the risk of coronary artery disease?Ans: Structurally trans fats have a straight, linear ...
23/09/2026

: Why does trans fat increase the risk of coronary artery disease?

Ans: Structurally trans fats have a straight, linear molecular structure because the hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon-carbon double bond sit on opposite sides of the chain & it behaves like saturated fats.
Now the question is Why does trans fat increase the risk of coronary artery disease?

Trans fatty acids promote atherosclerosis mainly by adversely affecting the blood lipid profile and vascular function.

1. ↑ LDL-cholesterol → promotes cholesterol deposition in arterial walls.
2. ↓ HDL-cholesterol → reduces reverse cholesterol transport from tissues to the liver.
3. ↑ Lipoprotein(a) and inflammation → may further promote atherosclerotic plaque formation.
4. Endothelial dysfunction → impairs the normal protective function of blood vessels.

In short all these changes promote atherosclerosis → coronary artery narrowing → reduced myocardial blood flow → coronary artery disease.

: A 25-year-old woman presented with fatigue, weakness and shortness of breath on exertion. Laboratory investigations r...
23/09/2026

: A 25-year-old woman presented with fatigue, weakness and shortness of breath on exertion. Laboratory investigations revealed low hemoglobin, low serum ferritin, and microcytic hypochromic red blood cells.

a) What is the most probable diagnosis? Justify your answer. [2 marks]
b) Mention two common causes of this condition. [2 marks]
c) Mention two additional biochemical tests that would help support the diagnosis. [1 mark]
*Answer key:

a) Diagnosis: Iron deficiency anemia.

* 1 mark: Iron deficiency anemia.
* 1 mark for Justification: low Hb + low serum ferritin + microcytic hypochromic RBCs indicate depleted iron stores with impaired hemoglobin synthesis.

b) Two common causes—
Any two:

* Chronic blood loss, e.g., menorrhagia.
* Inadequate dietary iron intake.
* Increased requirement, e.g., pregnancy.
* Malabsorption of iron.

c) Two additional tests —
* Serum iron — decreased
* Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)— increased.

: Which one of the following vitamins is recommended during early pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects?a) Vitamin A...
22/09/2026

: Which one of the following vitamins is recommended during early pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects?

a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin B1
c) Vitamin B₁₂
c) Vitamin B₉
d) Vitamin C

: Which one of the following is the principal function of most water soluble B-complex vitamins?a Acting as antioxidant...
17/09/2026

: Which one of the following is the principal function of most water soluble B-complex vitamins?
a Acting as antioxidants.
b Maintaining calcium homeostasis.
c Preventing chronic diseases.
d Promoting hemopoiesis.
e Serving as coenzymes.

: Vitamin K is routinely administered to newborns shortly after birth primarily to prevent which of the following condi...
17/09/2026

: Vitamin K is routinely administered to newborns shortly after birth primarily to prevent which of the following condition?
a Bleeding disorder.
b Hypoglycemia.
c Hypothermia.
d Neonatal jaundice.
e Neonatal sepsis.

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