Knowledge about Language - KAL

https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/oromo/features/the-sounds-of-english/vlessconst1

BBC Learning English - The Sounds of English / The Sounds of English: Voiceless Consonants - 1

https://eapfoundation.com/vocab/academic/awllists/

Academic Word List (AWL) The Academic Word List (AWL) contains 570 word families which frequently appear in academic texts, but which are not contained in the General Service List.

http://rhetoric.byu.edu/

Silva Rhetoricae: The Forest of Rhetoric provided by Dr. Gideon Burton of Brigham Young University, is a guide to the terms of classical and renaissance rhetoric. Sometimes it is difficult to see the forest (the big picture) of rhetoric because of the trees (the hundreds of Greek and Latin terms naming figures of speech, etc.) within rheto...

Grammar /'ɡræmə(r)/

[from Latin _grammatica_, from Greek _grammatikē_, from _gramma_ ❛letter of the alphabet❜, ❛written character❜]

~ The whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics. ('Lexico' powered by Oxford)

~ The system of a language, traditionally encompassing syntax and morphology. In some cases (e.g. the work of Jespersen), a description of the sounds of a language is also included. (_ODEG_ by Aarts, Chalker and Weiner)

~ Any systematic account of the structure of a language; the patterns that it describes; the branch of linguistics concerned with such patterns. (_OCDL_ by Matthews)

~ A) In its narrow sense, the structure of sentences (syntax) and the structure of words (morphology) in a language. B) In its broad sense, the morphology and syntax plus the phonology, the semantics and even the pragmatics of a language. C) A description of the grammar of a language. D) The sense introduced by Chomsky, the set of rules known by (internalized by) the members of a speech community and now called I-language. (_CDL_ by Brown and Miller)

~ A. The branch of linguistics concerned with the structure of language. B. Syntax (the structure of clauses and sentences) and morphology (word structure). C. In generative grammar, the linguistic knowledge internalized by a native speaker... (_ODMC_ by Chandler and Munday)

The description of existential ❛THERE❜

1. Phonologically, it is unstressed and is reduced to /ðə(r)/ (with a weak vowel).

2. Semantically, it is empty/dummy (i.e.having no lexical meaning).

3. Syntactically, it is a grammatical subject (not an adverbial), and can be used (as a pronoun) in tags.

E.g.: ❛There’s still no water there, is there?❜

[After _CGEL_, _CaGEL_, and _LGSWE_]

|| On the affix ❛ARCH❜ and its derivatives ||

1. The Greek prefix ❛ˌARCH-❜ (meaning ❛chief❜, ❛original❜, ❛supreme❜, ❛extreme❜, ❛highest❜, ❛worst❜) is always pronounced /ɑ:(r)tʃ || আ:(র্)চ্/ as in ❛arch'bishop❜, ❛archduke❜, ❛arch-enemy❜, ❛arch-villain❜. ❛ARCHA-❜, ❛ARCHE-❜, and ❛ARCHI-❜ are corresponding combining forms, in which is always pronounced /k || ক/: ❛archaism❜, ❛archaeology❜, ❛archetype❜, ❛architect❜ ❛archives❜.

★The word ❛archangel❜ /'ɑ:(r)keɪndʒᵊl || 'আ:(র্)কেইন্.জ্ল্/ is an exception (with omission of the ❛i❜).

2. The Greek suffix ❛-ARCH❜ (❛chief❜, ❛ruler❜) is pronounced /ɑ:(r)k || আ:(র্)ক্/ as in ❛matriarch❜, ❛patriarch❜, ❛monarch❜ (/'mɒnək/ in RP); and its corresponding combining form ❛-ARCHY❜ (❛rule❜ or ❛system of government❜) is also pronounced /'ɑ:(r)ki || 'আ:(র্)কি/ as in ❛matriarchy❜, ❛patriarchy❜, ❛anarchy❜, ❛hierarchy❜, ❛oligarchy❜, ❛synarchy❜, ❛monarchy❜ (/'mɒnəki/ in RP).

Here the colon (:) after vowel sounds indicates length.

The Latin prefix ❛semi-❜ is pronounced /ˌsem.i || ˌসেমি-/ in General British and /ˌsem.aɪ || ˌসেমাই-/ in General American, and it means ❛half❜ or ❛partly❜. Other prefixes synonymous with it are French ❛demi-❜ /'demi || 'ডেমি/, Greek ❛hemi-❜ /'hemi || 'হেমি/, and Old English ❛half-❜ /hɑ:f || হা:ফ্̥/.

The three non-native ones combine in the word

/ˌhemɪˌdemɪˈsemɪˌkweɪvə/.

The five digits of the hand -- fingers (হাতের আঙুল; করাঙ্গুলি; অঙ্গুলি /ওংগুলি/):

1. Thumb /θʌm/ (pollex) (বৃদ্ধাঙ্গুলি; বৃদ্ধাঙ্গুষ্ঠ/অঙ্গুষ্ঠ ; বুড়ো আঙুল)

2. 'Index ˌfinger; ˈforeˌfinger; 'pointer finger (তর্জনী /তর্.জোনি/; প্রদর্শনী /প্রোদোর্.শোনি/)

3. ˌMiddle 'finger (মধ্যমা /মোদ্.ধোমা/; মধ্যমাঙ্গুলি)

4. ˈRing ˌfinger; wedding ring finger (অনামিকা আঙুল)

5. ˌLittle ˈfinger; auricular /ɔ:'rɪkjʊlə/ finger; pinky (কনিষ্ঠা /কোনিশ্.ঠা/; "কানি আঙুল"; কড়ে আঙুল /কোড়ে আঙুল্/)

❝The investigation of words is the beginning of education.❞ − Antisthenes /æn.'tɪs.θɪ.ni:z/ the Sophist