Bpsc.concept

The Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, was established on January 2, 1954, by Dr Rajendra Prasad, India’s first President. The recipients of this award have made significant contributions to their respective fields. Every year, the Prime Minister nominates three people for this award. The winner of this honour is given a certificate called a Sanad that the President has signed. The Bharat Ratna medallion is in the shape of a peepal leaf. Initially, this award was limited to arts, literature, science, and public services. In 2011, the Government changed it to any field that belongs to human endeavour.
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Article 280 of the constitution of India provides for a Finance Commission.
It acts as a quasi-judicial.
Constituted by the President of India every fifth year or at such earlier time as he considers necessary.
The First Finance Commission was constituted vide Presidential Order dated 22.11.1951 under the chairmanship of Shri K.C. Neogy on 6th April, 1952.
The Constitution of India envisages the Finance commission as the “balancing wheel of fiscal federalism in India”.
Till 2014, role of finance commission in the Centre-state fiscal relations was undermined by the erstwhile Planning Commission (non-constitutional and a non-statutory body)
Planning Commission, set up in 1950 had two key duties to perform-
to implement five-year plan
to provide the finances to the state.
The disenchantment with the Planning Commission could be traced on two important fronts:
The perception that it was not able to capture the new realities of macroeconomic management at the national level,
It had not been conducive to sound fiscal relations between the Union and the States.
Dr P. V. Rajamannar, the Chairman of the Fourth Finance commission, observed that the functions and responsibilities of both the Commissions overlap to a great extent. According to him –
Setting up of the Planning Commission curtailed the scope and functions of the Finance Commission.
As the entire plan, with regard to both policy and programme used to come within the purview of the Planning Commission and as the assistance to be given by the Centre for plan projects either by way of grants or loans is practically dependent on the recommendations of the Planning Commission, it is obvious that a body like the Finance Commission cannot operate in the same field.
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The Solar System PART-1
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Our solar system consists of an average star we call the Sun, the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of the planets; numerous comets, asteroids, and meteoroids; and the interplanetary medium.

The Sun is the richest source of electromagnetic energy (mostly in the form of heat and light) in the solar system.

The Sun's nearest known stellar neighbour is a red dwarf star called Proxima Centauri, at a distance of 4.3 light years away.

The whole solar system, together with the local stars visible on a clear night, orbits the center of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion stars we call the Milky Way.

The Milky Way has two small galaxies orbiting it nearby, which are visible from the southern hemisphere. They are called the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud.

The nearest large galaxy is the Andromeda Galaxy. It is a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way but is 4 times as massive and is 2 million light years away.

Our galaxy, one of billions of galaxies known, is traveling through intergalactic space.

The planets, most of the satellites of the planets and the asteroids revolve around the Sun in the same direction, in nearly circular orbits. When looking down from above the Sun's north pole, the planets orbit in a counter-clockwise direction.

The planets orbit the Sun in or near the same plane, called the ecliptic. Pluto is a special case in that its orbit is the most highly inclined (18 degrees) and the most highly elliptical of all the planets. Because of this, for part of its orbit, Pluto is closer to the Sun than is Neptune.

The axis of rotation for most of the planets is nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic. The exceptions are Uranus and Pluto, which are tipped on their sides....