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F***l occult blood (FOB) refers to blood in the f***s that is not visibly apparent (unlike other types of blood in stool such as melena or hematochezia). A f***l occult blood test (FOBT) checks for hidden (occult) blood in the stool

F***l occult blood testing (FOBT), as its name implies, aims to detect subtle blood loss in the gastrointestinal tract, anywhere from the mouth to the colon. Positive tests ("positive stool") may result from either upper gastrointestinal bleeding or lower gastrointestinal bleeding and warrant further investigation for peptic ulcers or a malignancy (such as colorectal cancer or gastric cancer). The test does not directly detect colon cancer but is often used in clinical screening for that disease, but it can also be used to look for active occult blood loss in anemia or when there are gastrointestinal symptoms.

The stool guaiac test for hidden (occult) blood in the stool can be done at home or in the doctor's office, or can be performed on samples submitted to a clinical laboratory. Testing kits are available at pharmacies in some countries without a prescription, or a health professional may order a testing kit for use at home. If a home f***l occult blood test detects blood in the stool it is recommended to see a health professional to arrange further testing.

Source of bleeding
Gastrointestinal bleeding has many potential sources, and positive results usually result in further testing for the bleeding site, usually looking for lower gastrointestinal bleeding before upper gastrointestinal bleeding causes unless there are other clinical clues. Colonoscopy is usually preferred to computerized tomographic colonography.

An estimated 1–5% of large tested populations have a positive f***l occult blood test. Of those, about 2–10% have cancer, while 20–30% have adenomas.

A positive test can result from upper gastrointestinal bleeding or lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The common causes are:

2–10%: cancer (colorectal cancer, gastric cancer)
20–30% adenoma or polyps
Diverticular disease
Hemorrhoids
Inflammatory bowel disease
Angiodysplasia of the colon
Sickle cell anemia
In the event of a positive f***l occult blood test, the next step in the workup is a form of visualization of the gastrointestinal tract by one of several means:

Sigmoidoscopy, an examination of the re**um and lower colon with a lighted instrument to look for abnormalities, such as polyps.
Colonoscopy, a more thorough examination of the re**um and entire colon.
Virtual colonoscopy
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. It is sometimes performed with chromoendoscopy, a method that assists the endoscopist by enhancing the visual difference between cancerous and normal tissue, either by marking the abnormally increased DNA content (toluidine blue) or failing to stain the tumor, possibly due to decreased surface glycogen on tumor cells(Lugol). Infrared fluorescent endoscopy and ultrasonic endoscopy can interrogate vascular abnormalities such as esophageal varices.
Double contrast barium e***a: a series of x-rays of the colon and re**um.

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Phagocytic cells contain pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) capable of recognizing various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These PRRs can be found on the plasma membrane or in internal phagosomes. When a PRR recognizes a PAMP, it sends a signal to the nucleus that activates genes involved in phagocytosis, cellular proliferation, production and secretion of antiviral interferons and proinflammatory cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing.

Source: Openstax

HBV

Swine flu treatment

For microbio love... Relationship...

Pic of the Day: Colors of Superbug!

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from animals. The organism was grown on seven different agar medium. On blood agar (Centre), it forms small to medium sized colonies surrounded by weak beta-hemolysis. It shows diverse types of color in different chromogenic medium- pink colored colonies In ‘BBL CHROMagar Staph aureus-BBL’ (upper right corner), greenish in ‘chromID S. aureus - bioMérieux’ (upper left corner), blue in ‘Brilliance MRSA 2 - Oxoid’ (middle right), pink-orange in ‘SA-select- BioRad’ (middle left), dark blue colonies on a clear background in ‘Brilliance Staph 24 – Oxoid’ (lower left corner), and yellow colored in ‘Mannitol salt agar with phenol red indicator– SIGMA’ (lower left corner).

Surfer oxidizing bacteria.... Red